在人类活动加重气候变暖的背景下,极端水文气象事件发生概率增加。数值模式作为研究水循环和极端水文事件的有效工具,已在全球范围内得到广泛应用。为深入理解气候变化背景下全球陆地水循环时空演变规律,揭示大气-陆面-水文互馈机制,大...在人类活动加重气候变暖的背景下,极端水文气象事件发生概率增加。数值模式作为研究水循环和极端水文事件的有效工具,已在全球范围内得到广泛应用。为深入理解气候变化背景下全球陆地水循环时空演变规律,揭示大气-陆面-水文互馈机制,大气-陆面-水文耦合过程模拟研究已成为国际大气、水文等学科研究的热点之一。本文首先回顾和梳理了大气-陆面-水文耦合模式的发展历程,阐明了大气-陆面-水文耦合模式WRF-Hydro(Weather Research and Forecasting Model Hydrological modeling system)的优势,并系统总结了WRF-Hydro模式的主要敏感性参数分析及模式在对地表径流、土壤湿度、能量水分循环以及相关大气和水文过程等方面的应用。最后探讨WRF-Hydro大气-陆面-水文耦合模式未来发展趋势,提出应着眼于发展有效的尺度转换方案、完善参数化方案以及开展流域内大气、水文变量时空分布高分辨率模拟等方面,以期系统提升耦合模式对大气、陆面过程及水文过程的刻画能力。展开更多
It is difficult to build an effective water flooding displacement pressure system in the middle section of a horizontal well in an ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir.To solve this problem,this study proposes t...It is difficult to build an effective water flooding displacement pressure system in the middle section of a horizontal well in an ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir.To solve this problem,this study proposes to use packers,sealing cannula and other tools in the same horizontal well to inject water in some fractures and produce oil from other fractures.This new energy supplement method forms a segmental synchronous injection-production system in a horizontal well.The method can reduce the distance between the injection end and the production end,and quickly establish an effective displacement system.Changing the displacement between wells to displacement between horizontal well sections,and point water flooding to linear uniform water flooding,the method can enhance water sweeping volume and shorten waterflooding response period.The research shows that:(1)In the synchronous injection and production of horizontal well in an ultra-low-permeability sandstone reservoir,the water injection section should select the section where the natural fractures and artificial fractures are in the same direction or the section with no natural fractures,and the space between two sections should be 60?80 m.(2)In addition to controlling injection pressure,periodic water injection can be taken to reduce the risk of re-opening and growth of natural fractures or formation fracture caused by the gradual increase of water injection pressure with water injection going on.(3)Field tests have verified that this method can effectively improve the output of single well and achieve good economic benefits,so it can be widely used in the development of ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoirs.展开更多
黄土高原农田种植结构的改变对陆面能量和水分交换、区域蒸散发等产生影响,不同作物下垫面复杂的水热耦合机制在黄土高原陆-气相互作用中起着重要作用。本文利用陇东黄土高原2019-2021年共计34个月的观测数据,结合耦合了作物模块的通用...黄土高原农田种植结构的改变对陆面能量和水分交换、区域蒸散发等产生影响,不同作物下垫面复杂的水热耦合机制在黄土高原陆-气相互作用中起着重要作用。本文利用陇东黄土高原2019-2021年共计34个月的观测数据,结合耦合了作物模块的通用陆面模式(Community Land Model with BGC Biogeochemistry and prognostic crop,CLM5.0-BGCCROP)对黄土高原不同作物下垫面(冬小麦、玉米、苹果林地)的陆面特征进行离线单点模拟,以验证CLM5.0陆面过程模式在黄土高原农田地区的模拟能力,对比分析不同作物下垫面土壤温湿度和地表能量通量的差异。结果表明:(1)CLM5.0对土壤温湿度特征的模拟效果较好,平均均方根误差分别小于2.5℃和0.1 m^(3)·m^(-3),小麦地土壤温度模拟值偏高,玉米地和苹果林地土壤温度模拟存在冷偏差。生长期在旱期的冬小麦造成土壤干燥的程度大于玉米,苹果林地因根系丰富,吸收了更多的土壤水,使土壤整体更加干燥。(2)模拟偏差一部分是由于在模式中将作物下垫面设置为单一作物类型(冬小麦、玉米和苹果林地)时,高估(低估)了(非)生长期作物的叶面积指数,低估(高估)了地表反照率,高估(低估)了净辐射通量,更多(少)的能量转化为感热潜热。(3)另一部分偏差来自于农田不同的作物管理方式,如实际上作物收割后并不完全翻耕为裸土,模式高估了小麦地和玉米地收割后的土壤温度和土壤液态水含量;模式中没有地膜覆盖选项,导致玉米地土壤温度、土壤液态水含量模拟偏低,模拟平均偏差约-1.84℃和-0.058 m^(3)·m^(-3)。(4)冬小麦-玉米混合下垫面模拟试验能较好地模拟地表能量通量,净辐射、感热通量、潜热通量的模拟平均偏差分别为-6.13 W·m^(-2)、11.46 W·m^(-2)、-1.97 W·m^(-2)。在生长期内,冠层蒸腾作用占主导,随着作物叶面积指数的增加,感热通量减少,土壤温度降低,潜热通量增加,土壤液态水含量减少。展开更多
文摘在人类活动加重气候变暖的背景下,极端水文气象事件发生概率增加。数值模式作为研究水循环和极端水文事件的有效工具,已在全球范围内得到广泛应用。为深入理解气候变化背景下全球陆地水循环时空演变规律,揭示大气-陆面-水文互馈机制,大气-陆面-水文耦合过程模拟研究已成为国际大气、水文等学科研究的热点之一。本文首先回顾和梳理了大气-陆面-水文耦合模式的发展历程,阐明了大气-陆面-水文耦合模式WRF-Hydro(Weather Research and Forecasting Model Hydrological modeling system)的优势,并系统总结了WRF-Hydro模式的主要敏感性参数分析及模式在对地表径流、土壤湿度、能量水分循环以及相关大气和水文过程等方面的应用。最后探讨WRF-Hydro大气-陆面-水文耦合模式未来发展趋势,提出应着眼于发展有效的尺度转换方案、完善参数化方案以及开展流域内大气、水文变量时空分布高分辨率模拟等方面,以期系统提升耦合模式对大气、陆面过程及水文过程的刻画能力。
基金Supported by the China National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05050)
文摘It is difficult to build an effective water flooding displacement pressure system in the middle section of a horizontal well in an ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir.To solve this problem,this study proposes to use packers,sealing cannula and other tools in the same horizontal well to inject water in some fractures and produce oil from other fractures.This new energy supplement method forms a segmental synchronous injection-production system in a horizontal well.The method can reduce the distance between the injection end and the production end,and quickly establish an effective displacement system.Changing the displacement between wells to displacement between horizontal well sections,and point water flooding to linear uniform water flooding,the method can enhance water sweeping volume and shorten waterflooding response period.The research shows that:(1)In the synchronous injection and production of horizontal well in an ultra-low-permeability sandstone reservoir,the water injection section should select the section where the natural fractures and artificial fractures are in the same direction or the section with no natural fractures,and the space between two sections should be 60?80 m.(2)In addition to controlling injection pressure,periodic water injection can be taken to reduce the risk of re-opening and growth of natural fractures or formation fracture caused by the gradual increase of water injection pressure with water injection going on.(3)Field tests have verified that this method can effectively improve the output of single well and achieve good economic benefits,so it can be widely used in the development of ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoirs.
文摘黄土高原农田种植结构的改变对陆面能量和水分交换、区域蒸散发等产生影响,不同作物下垫面复杂的水热耦合机制在黄土高原陆-气相互作用中起着重要作用。本文利用陇东黄土高原2019-2021年共计34个月的观测数据,结合耦合了作物模块的通用陆面模式(Community Land Model with BGC Biogeochemistry and prognostic crop,CLM5.0-BGCCROP)对黄土高原不同作物下垫面(冬小麦、玉米、苹果林地)的陆面特征进行离线单点模拟,以验证CLM5.0陆面过程模式在黄土高原农田地区的模拟能力,对比分析不同作物下垫面土壤温湿度和地表能量通量的差异。结果表明:(1)CLM5.0对土壤温湿度特征的模拟效果较好,平均均方根误差分别小于2.5℃和0.1 m^(3)·m^(-3),小麦地土壤温度模拟值偏高,玉米地和苹果林地土壤温度模拟存在冷偏差。生长期在旱期的冬小麦造成土壤干燥的程度大于玉米,苹果林地因根系丰富,吸收了更多的土壤水,使土壤整体更加干燥。(2)模拟偏差一部分是由于在模式中将作物下垫面设置为单一作物类型(冬小麦、玉米和苹果林地)时,高估(低估)了(非)生长期作物的叶面积指数,低估(高估)了地表反照率,高估(低估)了净辐射通量,更多(少)的能量转化为感热潜热。(3)另一部分偏差来自于农田不同的作物管理方式,如实际上作物收割后并不完全翻耕为裸土,模式高估了小麦地和玉米地收割后的土壤温度和土壤液态水含量;模式中没有地膜覆盖选项,导致玉米地土壤温度、土壤液态水含量模拟偏低,模拟平均偏差约-1.84℃和-0.058 m^(3)·m^(-3)。(4)冬小麦-玉米混合下垫面模拟试验能较好地模拟地表能量通量,净辐射、感热通量、潜热通量的模拟平均偏差分别为-6.13 W·m^(-2)、11.46 W·m^(-2)、-1.97 W·m^(-2)。在生长期内,冠层蒸腾作用占主导,随着作物叶面积指数的增加,感热通量减少,土壤温度降低,潜热通量增加,土壤液态水含量减少。
