Rainfall has two significant effects on the sea surface, including salinity decreasing and surface becoming rougher, which have further influence on L-band sea surface emissivity. Investigations using the Aquarius and...Rainfall has two significant effects on the sea surface, including salinity decreasing and surface becoming rougher, which have further influence on L-band sea surface emissivity. Investigations using the Aquarius and TRMM 3B42 matchup dataset indicate that the retrieved sea surface salinity （SSS） is underestimated by the present Aquarius algorithm compared to numerical model outputs, especially in cases of a high rain rate. For example, the bias between satellite-observed SSS and numerical model SSS is approximately 2 when the rain rate is 25 mm/h. The bias can be eliminated by accounting for rain-induced roughness, which is usually modeled by rain-generated ring-wave spectrum. The rain spectrum will be input into the Small Slope Approximation （SSA） model for the simulation of sea surface emissivity influenced by rain. The comparison with theoretical model indicated that the empirical model of rain spectrumis more suitable to be used in the simulation. Further, the coefficients of the rain spectrum are modified by fitting the simulations with the observations of the 2-year Aquarius and TRMM matchup dataset. The calculations confirm that the sea surface emissivity increases with the wind speed and rain rate. The increase induced by the rain rate is rapid in the case of low rain rate and low wind speed. Finally, a modified model of sea surface emissivity including the rain spectrum is proposed and validated by using the matchup dataset in May 2014. Compared with observations, the bias of the rain-induced sea surface emissivity simulated by the modified modelis approximately le-4, and the RMSE is slightly larger than le-3. With using more matchup data, thebias between model retrieved sea surface salinities and observationsmay be further corrected, and the RMSE may be reduced to less than 1 in the cases of low rain rate and low wind speed.展开更多
Based on 5831 continuous in situ measurements of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide on the sea surface p(CO2),related parameters of the sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a (Chl a) concentration in 2010...Based on 5831 continuous in situ measurements of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide on the sea surface p(CO2),related parameters of the sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a (Chl a) concentration in 2010 winter,spring and summer of the Huanghai Sea and the Bohai Sea,the inherent relations among them are investigated preliminarily.This study reveals that the seasonal variability of SST and Chl a concentration has a significant influence on p(CO2).The authors have proposed a new algorithm to estimate p(CO2) from SST and Chl a concentration measurements.Compared with the vessel data,the root mean square error (RMSE) of p(CO2) retrieved by using the new model is 13.45 μatm(latm=101.325 kPa) and the relative error is less than 4％.Then,SST and Chl a concentration data observed by satellite are used to retrieve p(CO2) in the Huanghai Sea and the Bohai Sea; and a better accuracy can be obtained if the quality control for sea surface chlorophyll-a concentration observed by satellite is used.The RMSE of retrieved p(CO2) data with quality control and that without quality control are 15.82 μatm and 31.74 μatm,respectively.展开更多
In the satellite synthetic aperture radar（SAR） images of the Bohai Sea and Huanghai Sea,the authors observe sea surface imprints of wave-like patterns with an average wavelength of 3.8 km.Comparing SAR observations ...In the satellite synthetic aperture radar（SAR） images of the Bohai Sea and Huanghai Sea,the authors observe sea surface imprints of wave-like patterns with an average wavelength of 3.8 km.Comparing SAR observations with sea surface wind fields and surface weather maps,the authors find that the occurrence of the wave-like phenomena is associated with the passing of atmospheric front.The authors define the waves as atmospheric frontal gravity waves.The dynamical parameters of the wave packets are derived from statistics of 9 satellite SAR images obtained from 2002 to 2008.A two-dimensional linear physical wave model is used to analyze the generation mechanism of the waves.The atmospheric frontal wave induced wind variation across the frontal wave packet is compared with wind retrievals from the SAR images.The CMOD-5（C-band scatterometer ocean geophysical model function） is used for SAR wind retrievals VV（transmitted vertical and received vertical） for ENVISAT and HH（transmitted horizontally and received horizontally） for RADARSAT-1.A reasonable agreement between the analytical solution and the SAR observation is reached.This new SAR frontal wave observation adds to the school of SAR observations of sea surface imprints of AGWs including island lee waves,coastal lee waves,and upstream Atmospheric Gravity Waves（AGW）.展开更多
The spatio-temporal patterns of macrofaunal fouling assemblages were quantitatively investigated in the nearshore waters of the South China Sea.The work was undertaken by deploying seasonal panels at two sites(H-site,...The spatio-temporal patterns of macrofaunal fouling assemblages were quantitatively investigated in the nearshore waters of the South China Sea.The work was undertaken by deploying seasonal panels at two sites(H-site,L-site) for one year,and the fouling communities on the panels were examined and analyzed.The results indicated that species composition of assemblages was obviously different between the two sites.At both sites the assemblages were characteristic with solitary dominant species throughout the year,with Amphibalanus reticulates dominating at H-site and Hydroides elegans at L-site.Shannon index and biomass of the assemblages varied with depth and season at both sites.At H-site the total biomass in summer and autumn were significantly higher than those in spring and winter,while at L-site the assemblage biomass also differed significantly among the four seasons,and the greatest biomass occurred at the depth of 2.0 m in winter.The abundance of all seasonal samples in non-metric multidimensional scaling was clustered as one group at L-site and three groups at H-site.The environmental factors were more likely to be related to the variation of fouling assemblages.Furthermore,it also suggests that in tropical seas the integrated adaptability would qualify a species for dominating a fouling assemblage despite its short life cycle,rather than the usually assumed only species with long life span.This study reveals the complexity and characteristic dynamics of macrofaunal fouling assemblages in the tropical habitats,and the results would provide valuable knowledge for biodiversity and antifouling research.展开更多
新型电力系统中“源-网-荷-储”协同控制具有大规模节点接入、双向可靠和广域低时延的信息传输需求,是5G通信重要垂直应用场景。然而,现有民用5G通信无法完全满足电力业务互动控制对高可靠和低时延的信息传输需求。该文在5G标准基础上,...新型电力系统中“源-网-荷-储”协同控制具有大规模节点接入、双向可靠和广域低时延的信息传输需求,是5G通信重要垂直应用场景。然而,现有民用5G通信无法完全满足电力业务互动控制对高可靠和低时延的信息传输需求。该文在5G标准基础上,将子载波跳频技术(frequency hopping,FH)应用于可配置正交频分复用(orthogonal frequency division multiplex,OFDM)系统中,形成OFDM/FH传输新体制,为新型电力系统提供多业务接入和高可靠的信号传输方案;同时,考虑控制业务短包和突发特性,将OFDM/FH信号传输与5G/6G微时隙(mini-slot)调度策略融合,以mini-slot为基本单位的资源调度和重传机制能有效降低时延。随后,通过理论分析,揭示该电力物联网(Internet-of-things,IoT)通信系统传输可靠性与重传时延的内在折中关系。通过对无线通信物理层信号处理和媒介接入层时隙调度联合设计,该文提出的基于mini-slot调度架构OFDM/FH的电力物联网5G/6G通信方案,可支持“源-网-荷-储”多业务泛在接入、高达99.999%传输可靠性和毫秒级低时延要求,实现了5G/6G高可靠低时延通信(ultrareliability and low-latency communications,uRLLC)与泛在电力控制业务的深度融合。展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41371355
文摘Rainfall has two significant effects on the sea surface, including salinity decreasing and surface becoming rougher, which have further influence on L-band sea surface emissivity. Investigations using the Aquarius and TRMM 3B42 matchup dataset indicate that the retrieved sea surface salinity （SSS） is underestimated by the present Aquarius algorithm compared to numerical model outputs, especially in cases of a high rain rate. For example, the bias between satellite-observed SSS and numerical model SSS is approximately 2 when the rain rate is 25 mm/h. The bias can be eliminated by accounting for rain-induced roughness, which is usually modeled by rain-generated ring-wave spectrum. The rain spectrum will be input into the Small Slope Approximation （SSA） model for the simulation of sea surface emissivity influenced by rain. The comparison with theoretical model indicated that the empirical model of rain spectrumis more suitable to be used in the simulation. Further, the coefficients of the rain spectrum are modified by fitting the simulations with the observations of the 2-year Aquarius and TRMM matchup dataset. The calculations confirm that the sea surface emissivity increases with the wind speed and rain rate. The increase induced by the rain rate is rapid in the case of low rain rate and low wind speed. Finally, a modified model of sea surface emissivity including the rain spectrum is proposed and validated by using the matchup dataset in May 2014. Compared with observations, the bias of the rain-induced sea surface emissivity simulated by the modified modelis approximately le-4, and the RMSE is slightly larger than le-3. With using more matchup data, thebias between model retrieved sea surface salinities and observationsmay be further corrected, and the RMSE may be reduced to less than 1 in the cases of low rain rate and low wind speed.
文摘Based on 5831 continuous in situ measurements of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide on the sea surface p(CO2),related parameters of the sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a (Chl a) concentration in 2010 winter,spring and summer of the Huanghai Sea and the Bohai Sea,the inherent relations among them are investigated preliminarily.This study reveals that the seasonal variability of SST and Chl a concentration has a significant influence on p(CO2).The authors have proposed a new algorithm to estimate p(CO2) from SST and Chl a concentration measurements.Compared with the vessel data,the root mean square error (RMSE) of p(CO2) retrieved by using the new model is 13.45 μatm(latm=101.325 kPa) and the relative error is less than 4％.Then,SST and Chl a concentration data observed by satellite are used to retrieve p(CO2) in the Huanghai Sea and the Bohai Sea; and a better accuracy can be obtained if the quality control for sea surface chlorophyll-a concentration observed by satellite is used.The RMSE of retrieved p(CO2) data with quality control and that without quality control are 15.82 μatm and 31.74 μatm,respectively.
基金RADARSAT-1 data were obtained under the NASA RADARSAT ADRO-2 Program (Project RADARSAT-0011-0071) and processed by the Alaska Satellite FacilityThe ASAR images were provided by the European Space Agency under ENVISAT Projects 141 and 6133
文摘In the satellite synthetic aperture radar（SAR） images of the Bohai Sea and Huanghai Sea,the authors observe sea surface imprints of wave-like patterns with an average wavelength of 3.8 km.Comparing SAR observations with sea surface wind fields and surface weather maps,the authors find that the occurrence of the wave-like phenomena is associated with the passing of atmospheric front.The authors define the waves as atmospheric frontal gravity waves.The dynamical parameters of the wave packets are derived from statistics of 9 satellite SAR images obtained from 2002 to 2008.A two-dimensional linear physical wave model is used to analyze the generation mechanism of the waves.The atmospheric frontal wave induced wind variation across the frontal wave packet is compared with wind retrievals from the SAR images.The CMOD-5（C-band scatterometer ocean geophysical model function） is used for SAR wind retrievals VV（transmitted vertical and received vertical） for ENVISAT and HH（transmitted horizontally and received horizontally） for RADARSAT-1.A reasonable agreement between the analytical solution and the SAR observation is reached.This new SAR frontal wave observation adds to the school of SAR observations of sea surface imprints of AGWs including island lee waves,coastal lee waves,and upstream Atmospheric Gravity Waves（AGW）.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31660128,31360105 and 31160098)the Hainan University(Nos.kypd 1046 and Hdcxcyxm201715)
文摘The spatio-temporal patterns of macrofaunal fouling assemblages were quantitatively investigated in the nearshore waters of the South China Sea.The work was undertaken by deploying seasonal panels at two sites(H-site,L-site) for one year,and the fouling communities on the panels were examined and analyzed.The results indicated that species composition of assemblages was obviously different between the two sites.At both sites the assemblages were characteristic with solitary dominant species throughout the year,with Amphibalanus reticulates dominating at H-site and Hydroides elegans at L-site.Shannon index and biomass of the assemblages varied with depth and season at both sites.At H-site the total biomass in summer and autumn were significantly higher than those in spring and winter,while at L-site the assemblage biomass also differed significantly among the four seasons,and the greatest biomass occurred at the depth of 2.0 m in winter.The abundance of all seasonal samples in non-metric multidimensional scaling was clustered as one group at L-site and three groups at H-site.The environmental factors were more likely to be related to the variation of fouling assemblages.Furthermore,it also suggests that in tropical seas the integrated adaptability would qualify a species for dominating a fouling assemblage despite its short life cycle,rather than the usually assumed only species with long life span.This study reveals the complexity and characteristic dynamics of macrofaunal fouling assemblages in the tropical habitats,and the results would provide valuable knowledge for biodiversity and antifouling research.
文摘新型电力系统中“源-网-荷-储”协同控制具有大规模节点接入、双向可靠和广域低时延的信息传输需求,是5G通信重要垂直应用场景。然而,现有民用5G通信无法完全满足电力业务互动控制对高可靠和低时延的信息传输需求。该文在5G标准基础上,将子载波跳频技术(frequency hopping,FH)应用于可配置正交频分复用(orthogonal frequency division multiplex,OFDM)系统中,形成OFDM/FH传输新体制,为新型电力系统提供多业务接入和高可靠的信号传输方案;同时,考虑控制业务短包和突发特性,将OFDM/FH信号传输与5G/6G微时隙(mini-slot)调度策略融合,以mini-slot为基本单位的资源调度和重传机制能有效降低时延。随后,通过理论分析,揭示该电力物联网(Internet-of-things,IoT)通信系统传输可靠性与重传时延的内在折中关系。通过对无线通信物理层信号处理和媒介接入层时隙调度联合设计,该文提出的基于mini-slot调度架构OFDM/FH的电力物联网5G/6G通信方案,可支持“源-网-荷-储”多业务泛在接入、高达99.999%传输可靠性和毫秒级低时延要求,实现了5G/6G高可靠低时延通信(ultrareliability and low-latency communications,uRLLC)与泛在电力控制业务的深度融合。
