四川盆地二叠系烃源岩及其天然气勘探潜力(一)——烃源岩空间分布特征

二叠系—中下三叠统是四川盆地天然气勘探的主要目的层系之一,已发现的许多大中型气田的天然气都来源于二叠系烃源岩,但目前对于该层系烃源岩的主要类型与空间分布规律尚缺乏系统完整的认识。为此,通过对该盆地典型井/剖面二叠系烃源岩发育层位的精细地球化学标定,结合钻井、录井资料,探讨了二叠系烃源岩的类型及其空间展布特征。研究结果表明:(1)该盆地二叠系普遍发育中二叠统碳酸盐岩和上二叠统泥质岩两套烃源岩,局部发育上二叠统大隆组海相泥岩烃源岩;(2)上二叠统龙潭组泥质岩类烃源岩厚度大,有机质丰度高且广泛分布于全盆地,是二叠系中最主要的烃源岩,其中盆地北部的苍溪—云阳地区厚度最大(80~140 m),南部的成都—重庆—泸州地区厚度次之(60~100 m),而中部地区则相对较薄(40~80 m);(3)龙潭组煤层也是该盆地非常重要的烃源岩之一,盆地中部—东南部的南充—綦江—泸州地区煤层厚度最大(5~15 m),川东北地区煤层厚度次之(2~5 m);(4)上二叠统长兴组烃源岩发育程度差,但大隆组烃源岩分布于盆地北部开江—广元一线,厚度介于5~25 m,是盆地北部地区重要的烃源岩;(5)中二叠统碳酸盐岩烃源岩广泛分布于全盆地,其中东北部和东南部厚度介于50~150 m,其他地区的厚度则一般小于50 m,是二叠系中次要的烃源岩。

四川盆地二叠系烃源岩及其天然气勘探潜力(二)——烃源岩地球化学特征与天然气资源潜力

四川盆地二叠系发育中二叠统海相碳酸盐岩和上二叠统海陆交互相碎屑岩两套烃源岩,由于其热演化程度高,造成对烃源岩原始生烃潜力及天然气资源潜力认识不清。为此,通过研究该盆地内探井及盆地周缘剖面大量二叠系烃源岩样品的地球化学特征及生烃潜力随成熟度的变化规律,探讨了二叠系烃源岩的原始生烃潜力以及在地质历史时期生排烃量、干酪根与原油裂解生成天然气的资源潜力。研究结果表明:(1)上二叠统龙潭组泥岩和碳质泥岩总有机碳含量高、原始生烃潜力大,是二叠系中最主要的油气烃源岩,龙潭组煤层也是非常重要的气源岩,上二叠统大隆组有机碳含量和生烃潜力也很高,是四川盆地北部重要的油气源岩,中二叠统碳酸盐岩烃源岩总有机碳含量与原始生烃潜力低,是次要的油气源岩;(2)二叠系烃源岩在地质历史时期生成原油3 290×10~8 t,生成天然气420×10^(12) m^3,龙潭组烃源岩对原油和天然气的贡献率分别为80%和85%;(3)二叠系烃源岩形成的古油藏原油资源量为580×10~8 t,原油裂解气资源量为4.45×10^(12) m^3,干酪根直接生成的天然气资源量约为2.10×10^(12) m^3,天然气资源总量可达6.55×10^(12) m^3,其中原油裂解气占70%。结论认为,四川盆地北部和中部—东南部是二叠系的两个生烃中心,也是最有利的二叠系油气成藏和天然气勘探区域,古油藏是最具天然气资源潜力的勘探目标。

Hydrocarbon sources and stages of reservoir formation in Kuqa depression, Tarim Basin

Kuqa depression bears not only plenty ofnatural gas, but also a large amount of condensate and smallquantity of crude oil. Based on the geochemical correlationbetween the Jurassic and Triassic terrestrial hydrocarbonsource rock, this paper confirms that the natural gas in Kuqadepression belongs to coal-type gas and the main gas sourcerock is attributed to the middle to lower Jurassic coal seriesformation, while the main oil source rock is the upper Tri-assic lacustrine mudstone. The authors indicated that Kuqadepression was slowly subsided in Mesozoic, but rapidlywent down in Late Tertiary, which made the Jurassic andTriassic source rock suddenly deep-buried and rapidlyevolved to high and over-mature phase since 5 Ma. TheTriassic source rock is postponed to the Early Miocene dur-ing 23-12 Ma when entering the oil-generating peak, whilethe Jurassic is suspended to the latest 5 Ma, especially since2.5 Ma to the dry gas-generating period, which is one of thecharacteristics of the source rock thermal evolution in Kuqadepression. This paper presents a two-stage trapping andlate gas trapping model in Kuqa depression whose charac-teristics are: The main oil and gas reservoirs have differentsources. The oil reservoir is formed early while the gas res-ervoir is formed lately. During the early stage, it, mainly asoil, takes long distance lateral migration, while in the laterstage, it, mainly as gas, takes the vertical migration and alsohas lateral migration. The trap formed in different time onthe south and north sides of the depression and evolved intoa distributional pattern with oil in the south part and gas inthe north, also oil on the outer ring and gas on the inner ring.This paper points out that the late trapping of the naturalgas in Kuqa depression is favorable for the preservation oflarge gas fields.

Molecular fossils and oil-source rock correlations in Tarim Basin, NW China

The distribution of 'molecular fossils' （bio-markers） of steroid compounds in extracts from some spe-cific geologic age in the Tarim Basin have been analyzed andare used as the fingerprints for the oil-source rock correla-tion. Having been affected by maturation, migration, phasefractionation and biodegradation, not any molecular fossilsrelated to source and environment can be used as the finger-prints for oil-source rock correlation. Some special bio-markers widely existed in the extracts from Cambrian andOrdovician rocks in the Tarim Basin and showed obviousdifference in each stratum, including dinosteranes (C30),4-methyl-24-ethyl-cholestanes (C30) and their aromatizedsteroids, C24-norcholestanes and C28 steranes originated fromdinoflagellates and diatom. Few oils such as the heavy oildrilled in the Cambrian reservoir from Tadong 2 well （TD2）correlated well with the extracts from the Cambrian. Theamazing similarity of the relative contents of these com-pounds between the marine oils produced in Tazhong andTabei uplifts and the extracts from the Upper Ordoviciansuggests that the Middle-Upper Ordovician is the very likelymain source for the marine oils.

Formation mechanism of condensates, waxy and heavy oils in the southern margin of Junggar Basin, NW China

It is a challenge to determine the source and genetic relationship of condensate, waxy and heavy oils in one given complicated petroliferous area, where developed multiple sets of source rocks with different maturity and various chemical features.The central part of southern margin of Junggar Basin, NW China is such an example where there are condensates, light oils, normal density oils, heavy crude oils and natural gases. The formation mechanism of condensates has been seriously debated for long time;however, no study has integrated it with genetic types of waxy and heavy oils. Taking the central part of southern margin of Junggar Basin as a case, this study employs geological and geochemical methods to determine the formation mechanism of condensates,waxy and heavy oils in a complicated petroliferous area, and reveals the causes and geochemical processes of the co-occurrence of different types of crude oils in this region. Based on detailed geochemical analyses of more than 40 normal crude oils, light oils,condensates and heavy oils, it is found that the condensates are dominated by low carbon number n-alkanes and enriched in light naphthenics and aromatic hydrocarbons. Heptane values of these condensates range from 19% to 21%, isoheptane values from1.9 to 2.1, and toluene/n-heptane ratios from 1.5 to 2.0. The distribution of n-alkanes in the condensates presents a mirror image with high density waxy crude oils and heavy oils. Combined with the oil and gas-source correlations of the crude oils, condensates and natural gas, it is found that the condensates are product of evaporative fractionation and/or phase-controlled fractionation of reservoir crude oils which were derived from mature Cretaceous lacustrine source rocks in the relatively early stage. The waxy oils are the intermediate products of evaporative fractionation and/or phase-controlled fractionation of reservoir crude oils, while the heavy oils are in-situ residuals. Therefore, evaporative fractionation and/or phase-controlled fractionation would account for the formation of the condensate, light oil, waxy oil and heavy oil in the central part of southern margin of Junggar Basin, resulting in a great change of the content in terms of light alkanes, naphthenics and aromatics in condensates, followed by great uncertainties of toluene/n-heptane ratios due to migration and re-accumulation. The results suggest that the origin of the condensate cannot be simply concluded by its ratios of toluene/n-heptane and n-heptane/methylcyclohexane on the Thompson's cross-plot, it should be comprehensively determined by the aspects of geological background, thermal history of source rocks and petroleum generation,physical and chemical features of various crude oils and natural gas, vertical and lateral distribution of various crude oils in the study area.