相变材料(Phase change material,PCM)在建筑围护结构中的应用是一种改善室内热环境和居住舒适度的有效方法。为探索相变材料在夏热冬冷地区应用的节能潜力,对比研究了不同相变材料应用方法的节能效果,以能源使用强度(Energy use intens...相变材料(Phase change material,PCM)在建筑围护结构中的应用是一种改善室内热环境和居住舒适度的有效方法。为探索相变材料在夏热冬冷地区应用的节能潜力,对比研究了不同相变材料应用方法的节能效果,以能源使用强度(Energy use intensity,EUI)评价不同应用方法的建筑性能,旨在找出最优的应用方法。所用的相变材料以高密度聚乙烯球封装,并嵌入在XPS保温板中,形成XPSPCM板。研究结果表明:在制冷季,将XPSPCM板安装在建筑物墙体内表面时的EUI比其装在建筑物墙体外表面时降低了0.27~0.66kWh/m2,采暖季的降低幅度为0.68~0.88kWh/m2。综合考虑全年工况时,当XPSPCM板安装至建筑物墙体靠近内表面时EUI值最小。以EUI雷达图对比XPSPCM板集中于建筑不同朝向的应用效果,结果显示对于熔点为25℃的相变材料,相变材料集中布置于西向外墙时时建筑能耗最低。展开更多
The distribution of nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate and silicate in pore-water and their exchange between sediments and overlying waters (benthic flux) were determined at nine locations on the shelve of Huangha...The distribution of nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate and silicate in pore-water and their exchange between sediments and overlying waters (benthic flux) were determined at nine locations on the shelve of Huanghai and East China Seas. On the basis of the redox potential of sediments and nutrients distributions in the pore-waters, it is found that the benthic sediments are being in a suboxic to anoxic environment in the Huanghai and East China Seas. The nutrients distribution in the pore-waters is mainly controlled by the sediment environment, and ammonia is the major inorganic nitrogen in the pore-waters. On the basis of benthic fluxes of nutrients calculated us- ing Fick's first law, there is remarkable efflux of ammonia, dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN), phosphate and silicate from the sediments to the overlying waters in the study area, and their benthic fluxes are 299.3-2 214.8, 404.4-2 159.5 , 5.5-18.8 and 541.3-1 781.6 μmol/(m^2·d) respectively, and perhaps they are the major source of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphate and silicate for the overlying water. At most stations, the nitrate flux was from the overlying waters to the sediments, which suggests that suboxic organic matter decomposition via denitrification is dominated in the most area of Huanghai and East China Seas. High benthic fluxes appearing in the coastal area and relatively low benthic fluxes occurring in the shelf area are found and are consistent with pri- mary productivity zoning in the study area. On the other hand, the ammonia flux displays an exponential decrease with water depth increase and an exponential increase with the bottom water temperature. However, others do not display this trend.展开更多
文摘相变材料(Phase change material,PCM)在建筑围护结构中的应用是一种改善室内热环境和居住舒适度的有效方法。为探索相变材料在夏热冬冷地区应用的节能潜力,对比研究了不同相变材料应用方法的节能效果,以能源使用强度(Energy use intensity,EUI)评价不同应用方法的建筑性能,旨在找出最优的应用方法。所用的相变材料以高密度聚乙烯球封装,并嵌入在XPS保温板中,形成XPSPCM板。研究结果表明:在制冷季,将XPSPCM板安装在建筑物墙体内表面时的EUI比其装在建筑物墙体外表面时降低了0.27~0.66kWh/m2,采暖季的降低幅度为0.68~0.88kWh/m2。综合考虑全年工况时,当XPSPCM板安装至建筑物墙体靠近内表面时EUI值最小。以EUI雷达图对比XPSPCM板集中于建筑不同朝向的应用效果,结果显示对于熔点为25℃的相变材料,相变材料集中布置于西向外墙时时建筑能耗最低。
基金supported by the Major State Basic Research Program of China under contract No.G1999043704the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.40206012.
文摘The distribution of nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate and silicate in pore-water and their exchange between sediments and overlying waters (benthic flux) were determined at nine locations on the shelve of Huanghai and East China Seas. On the basis of the redox potential of sediments and nutrients distributions in the pore-waters, it is found that the benthic sediments are being in a suboxic to anoxic environment in the Huanghai and East China Seas. The nutrients distribution in the pore-waters is mainly controlled by the sediment environment, and ammonia is the major inorganic nitrogen in the pore-waters. On the basis of benthic fluxes of nutrients calculated us- ing Fick's first law, there is remarkable efflux of ammonia, dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN), phosphate and silicate from the sediments to the overlying waters in the study area, and their benthic fluxes are 299.3-2 214.8, 404.4-2 159.5 , 5.5-18.8 and 541.3-1 781.6 μmol/(m^2·d) respectively, and perhaps they are the major source of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphate and silicate for the overlying water. At most stations, the nitrate flux was from the overlying waters to the sediments, which suggests that suboxic organic matter decomposition via denitrification is dominated in the most area of Huanghai and East China Seas. High benthic fluxes appearing in the coastal area and relatively low benthic fluxes occurring in the shelf area are found and are consistent with pri- mary productivity zoning in the study area. On the other hand, the ammonia flux displays an exponential decrease with water depth increase and an exponential increase with the bottom water temperature. However, others do not display this trend.