计及柔性限流装置与直流断路器协同动作的电弧抑制暂态特性研究

直流系统的故障隔离是保证直流系统稳定运行的重要技术。针对传统故障隔离策略对直流断路器(direct current circuit breaker, DCCB)的性能要求较高的问题,提出了一种利用柔性限流装置(flexible current limiting device,FCLD)与DCCB协同动作的故障隔离策略。首先,研究了直流系统永久性故障和瞬时性故障情况下FCLD与DCCB的协同作用机理。其次,分析考虑FCLD电流抑制作用下DCCB开断过程的电弧暂态特性。最后,在Matlab/Simulink平台中进行仿真,验证所提协同策略的可行性。结果表明:FCLD可有效抑制DCCB的开断电弧;基于所提故障隔离策略,直流系统可在瞬时故障情况下实现平稳穿越,永久故障情况下实现DCCB的无弧开断。该策略降低了直流系统故障隔离过程中对DCCB的开断要求,提升了直流系统的故障穿越能力。

活动断层研究进展及其科学前沿问题讨论

回顾了我国城市活动断层探测工程、活动断层大比例尺填图计划、我国地震重点监视防御区活动断层地震危险性评价等项目的立项过程和主体研究内容,结合近20余年大地震现场地表破裂带的科学考察成果,阐述了强噪声弱信号条件下隐伏活动断层探测定位技术、断层活动性定量鉴定技术、地震危害性评价理论与方法、全过程多源数据管理技术和活动断层探测技术标准体系建设等多方面取得的显著进展;提出了青藏高原隆升变形动力学新模型、活动断层级联破裂机理与大地震成因理论、地震局部化破裂特征与避让理论和高震级地震地质判识标志及其在高震级地震危险区划分中应用等,形成了活动断层滑动习性与避让、震害预防和地震监测预测的新理论、新方法和新理念,并对活动断层探测和研究中活动性定量参数不确定性、相邻段落级联破裂条件与特大地震震级预测、地震地质标志定量化演化特征、基于三维活动断层模型的强震动模拟与地震灾害预测、重大工程跨活动断层的抗断等亟需解决的科学问题和技术难题进行了讨论;最后指出我国需要继续加强活动断层探测与填图工作及其成果的管理,保持城市活动断层探测和大比例尺填图以及深浅构造关系勘探等方面的国际领先优势,引领国际震害预防和有物理意义地震监测预报发展方向。

郯庐断裂带合肥段五河—合肥断裂构造特征

五河—合肥断裂是郯庐断裂带的西边界断裂,该断裂穿过合肥市城区,是1条规模较大、切割较深的隐伏活动断裂.为了研究该断裂的浅部结构特征、空间展布以及断裂活动性,我们利用2015年在合肥盆地完成的深地震反射剖面数据,采用初至波层析成像方法得到了郯庐断裂带合肥段的浅层P波速度结构和构造形态;考虑到仅根据速度结构剖面还难以确定断裂的准确位置、断层上断点埋深、断层的近地表构造组合样式等特征,研究中跨五河—合肥断裂还完成了2条高分辨率的浅层地震反射剖面.研究结果表明:郯庐断裂带合肥段是一个由多条主干断裂构成的复杂构造带,近地表速度结构表现为凹隆相间的构造特征,且沉积盖层厚度明显受到郯庐断裂带分支断裂的影响和控制.五河—合肥断裂在P波速度结构剖面表现为高速和低速区的分界,对断裂两侧的地层沉积具有重要的控制作用,该断裂向下错断了盆地基底,向上错断了埋深21～35 m的中更新统下部地层,其最新活动时代为中更新世早期.研究结果不仅为进一步认识五河—合肥断裂浅部构造形态提供了地震学依据,还可为该区断裂两侧的城镇规划和建设中避让活动断层提供基础资料.

地震折射和反射方法研究郯庐断裂带宿迁段的浅部构造特征

郯庐断裂带是中国东部最大的一个活动构造带,其内部结构非常复杂,不同区段表现出不同特征的构造样式.本文采用浅层地震反射波成像技术对郯庐断裂带宿迁段的近地表结构进行了高分辨率成像,利用该区已有的深地震反射剖面数据,采用初至波层析成像方法获得了郯庐断裂带的浅层P波速度结构.结果表明,郯庐断裂带宿迁段是一个由多条断裂以及凹陷和隆起构成的复杂构造带,且新生代地层厚度和地震波速分布明显受到断裂的影响与控制.郯庐断裂带的东、西两侧为基底隆起区,近地表速度结构呈现为明显的高速特征,新生代地层厚度小于200m.郯庐断裂带总体显示为低速凹陷结构,新生代地层厚度在300~600m之间变化,最厚处位于宿迁市的陵城镇附近.郯庐断裂带宿迁段主要由5条断裂构成,从这些断裂的上断点埋深和第四纪活动特征来看,郯庐断裂带的东边界断裂F1和西边界断裂F4的活动性相对较弱,为第四纪早期活动断裂.断裂F2和F3控制了郯庐断裂带内部的新生代凹陷,两者的活动时代分别为中更新世和晚更新世.安丘-莒县断裂F5位于断裂F1和F2之间,由2条相向而倾的分支断层F5和F5-1构成,其活动时代分别为全新世和晚更新世.研究结果为进一步认识郯庐断裂带宿迁段的近地表特征及其活动性提供了新证据.

深地震反射剖面揭示的天津地区张渤带地壳精细结构

穿过天津地区张渤带的长86 km、NE向深地震反射剖面揭示了该区清晰的地壳精细结构图像和断裂的深浅构造特征,为研究张渤地震构造带的深部孕震环境和构造模式提供了地震学证据,对探讨晚中生代以来华北裂陷盆地的深部动力学过程及演化具有重要意义.结果表明,天津地区张渤带地壳以结晶基底反射T G为界,分为上下两部分;上地壳反射波组丰富,分层特征明显,界面起伏形态清楚,清晰地刻画出冀中坳陷新生代沉积分层、箕状沉积凹陷的底界、潮白河断裂、蓟运河断裂及丰台—野鸡坨断裂的几何结构;地壳内部结晶基底(T G)至Moho之间,显示出近于“反射透明”的地震波场特征,无明显震相,这与华北其他地区的深地震反射剖面结果明显不同;地壳厚度为30.0~34.5 km,总体变化趋势为中段地壳厚而南北端相对较薄,Moho在横向上显示出明显的不均匀和横向间断特征,在Moho被错断处存在两个明显的反射事件R A和R C,R A可能是软流圈热物质上涌的侧向残留物,叠层状反射震相R C则表现出壳幔过渡带特征;剖面揭示了2条错断Moho的超壳深大断裂(F D1和F D2)和9条上地壳断裂,深大断裂应是软流圈热物质上涌,造成上地幔隆起而形成的,上地壳断裂与地壳垂直运动及侧向引张力有关;超壳深断裂(F D1和F D2)为本区深部热物质的上涌与能量交换提供了通道,而与之对应的地壳浅部断裂(F 3和F 9),则为能量调整提供了可能的条件,断裂邻近区域可能是未来发生强震的地区,值得注意.

大容量气枪震源陆地反射地震探测--以长江中下游铜陵地区为例

为了实验大容量气枪震源陆地水体流动激发反射地震探测效果,在长江中下游安徽省铜陵段,采用气枪船长江航道流动激发、沿江岸布设反射地震仪器接收的非纵弯线工作方式,得到了反映测线经过地区地壳深部结构和构造特征的反射地震数据。原始资料信噪比较低,但部分资料不同部位仍可辨认出来自地壳及莫霍面反射波组。就传播距离而言,地震波传播的水平距离最大可达21km,垂直深度可达30km以上。在数据处理中,根据原始资料特点,针对性采用了非纵弯线面元定义、三维层析静校正、叠前多域去噪及组合反褶积技术,最终得到的叠加时间剖面上具有丰富的壳内反射波组。结果显示,测线经过地区的地壳结构为双层结构,总厚度为30.0~36.0km。上地壳呈现隆坳相间的反射特征,下地壳存在多组叠层状弧型反射波组,莫霍面反射特征清晰,由2~3个反射同相轴组成,呈现SW端向NE段抬升的形态。剖面经过地区存在一个切穿下地壳和莫霍面的深部断裂,应该是长江深断裂的反映。研究结果充分说明,大容量气枪震源可应用于陆地流动水体地壳精细结构的深地震反射探测。

太行山南端浅层速度结构成像和隐伏断裂探测

利用太行山南端的深地震反射剖面数据,运用初至波层析成像方法反演得到该区域的浅层P波速度结构和基底面展布形态,发现剖面浅部的P波速度变化与沉积盖层厚度和断裂分布有着较好的对应关系。利用跨断裂完成的浅层地震反射剖面,对区域内2条第四纪隐伏活动断裂进行高分辨率成像。结果表明,汤西断裂为东倾的正断层,控制汤阴地堑的西边界,活动年代为中更新世;汤东断裂为西倾的正断层,是汤阴地堑的主控边界断裂,活动年代为晚更新世。

基于小交流信号下垂的微网二次控制方法

有功功率-频率和无功功率-电压幅值的传统下垂控制方法被广泛应用于微网并联逆变器的协调控制中。然而,传统下垂控制会使变流器输出的频率和电压幅值存在偏差,进而影响微网电能供应的精确性。基于对人为注入系统的小交流信号的控制,提出了一种新型的二次控制方法,以补偿下垂控制产生的电压偏差。该方法中的小交流信号在并联逆变器中如同一种通讯信号,其频率和逆变器输出基波电压的下垂偏置呈下垂关系。通过该方法,系统频率和电压幅值可以恢复至额定值,同时,精确的功率均分可以在并联逆变器之间实现。仿真和实验结果都验证了该方法的有效性。

猪场沼液对水芹菜重金属含量的影响

为评价利用沼液种植水芹菜的安全性,对某规模化猪场沼液和施用沼液的水芹菜不同部位重金属元素含量进行了测定。结果显示:(1)猪场沼液和水芹菜中的重金属元素以Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn为主,含有少量的Cd、Pb、Cr^6+,未检出Hg和Se;(2)沼液中Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr^6+的含量均达到国家农田灌溉水质标准;(3)施用沼液后,水芹菜中除了Pb之外其余重金属元素的含量均未超过国家限量标准;(4)水芹菜根中Cu、Mn、Zn和Cd的含量显著高于茎和叶(P<0.05),叶中Pb的含量显著高于根和茎(P<0.05),Fe、Mn、Zn、Cd、Pb和Cr^6+在茎、叶中的含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。以上结果表明,施用猪场沼液对水芹菜中重金属元素Pb的含量提升较为明显,说明相对于其它重金属,水芹菜对Pb具有更强的富集能力。此外,水芹菜根部对Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cd和Cr^6+的富集能力强于叶部和茎部,但是Pb则表现为叶>茎>根。

“猪-沼-菜”循环利用模式中水芹菜-土壤重金属积累和风险评价

为了解施用沼液后水芹菜和土壤中重金属的积累,分别在2018年12月24日(批次1)、2019年1月24日(批次2)和2019年3月24日(批次3)3个不同时间,检测同一位置的水芹菜和土壤中重金属累积含量,与国家相关标准进行比较,评价使用沼液浇灌的可行性。结果表明:(1)第三批次水芹菜中Cu、Pb和Cd含量显著高于第一批、第二批含量(P<0.05),Zn的含量在第一、第二和第三批次间虽有增加的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05),各批次水芹菜中Cd含量符合《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》;(2)不同批次土壤中Cu和Zn的含量均有所提高,Pb、Cd和As的含量呈现上升趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05),Pb、Cd的含量符合农用地土壤污染风险管控标准要求,未检测出土壤中含有重金属Cr。以上结果表明,随沼液浇灌时间的延长,水芹菜中重金属的含量呈现上升趋势,水芹菜对重金属Pb具有一定的富集能力,种植水芹菜的土壤没有出现重金属含量超标的情况,证明利用沼液种植水芹菜是可行的。

Exploration of Suspected Surface Ruptures of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake at Frontal Areas of Longmenshan Using Shallow Seismic Reflection

The great M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake on May 12,2008 was generated by abrupt faulting in the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault along the Longmenshan fault zone. The earthquake not only produced surface ruptures along the Yingxiu-Beichuan and Guanxian-Jiangyou faults,but also surface ruptures,arching of highway pavement,sand-boils and waterspouts in various degrees in areas such as Shifang and Mianzhu on the Chengdu Plain. To understand the shallow geological structures under the surface rupture zone,a 6350m long high-resolution shallow seismic reflection profile in near-EW direction was performed. This profile is located at Shigu town,Shifang city,where a suspected earthquake surface rupture zone was discovered. In this study,a group interval of 3m,shotpoint interval of 18m,and a 300-channel 25-fold observation system were used. In consideration of both near-surface reflections and dipping interface imaging,we adopted the split-spread geometry and asymmetrical zero-offset receiving technique. To better suppress random-noise and raise the signal-to-noise ratio of seismic data,30 times vertical stacking of vibrator signals was made for each common-shot gather after correlation of individual records. By using the above work method and spread geometry,we obtained high-resolution images of structures in the depth range of 15m～800m after data processing. The result shows the existence of buried thrust faults thrusting to the plain area and back-thrust faults under the surface rupture zone. It also shows that the activity of the buried thrust faults may be the main cause for folding and deformation in near-surface strata and coseismic surface rupturing.

Comprehensive Multi-Level Exploration of Buried Active Faults:an Example of the Yinchuan Buried Active Fault

The paper introduces the steps and methods of multi-approach,multi-level exploration of buried faults in thick Quaternary sediment regions by taking the test exploration of the Yinchuan active fault as example.Based on the comprehensive analyses of previous data,we choose the Xinqushao Village of Xingqing District of Yinchuan City as the test site for the comprehensive exploration.Firstly,we adopted shallow seismic investigation with group intervals of 10m,5m and 1m to gradually trace layer by layer the master fault of the Yinchuan buried fault from a deep depth to a shallow depth where drilling could be used.Then,with composite geological profile drilling,we determined the precise location and dip angle of the fault.The drilling show the buried depth of the upper offset point is 8.3m.Finally,large-scale trenching revealed that the actual buried depth of the upper offset point of the fault is 1.5m from the ground surface and there are paleoearthquake events of 5 stages.Combined with the preliminary result of corresponding sample age,we conclude the Yinchuan buried fault is a mid to late Holocene active fault.

浅谈轮胎式装载机的倾翻载荷

倾翻载荷是土方机械安全性能的重要参数之一,尤其在极限工况下,倾翻载荷过小会严重影响整机的作业效率,甚至不能正常工作,更严重者会造成翻车等严重威胁驾驶员安全的事故。因此对于土方机械的倾翻载荷,应尽可能大一些,对于轮胎式装载机来讲,考虑到成本因素,至少要满足两倍的额定载荷。本文简要介绍轮胎式装载机倾翻载荷的通用计算方法,为后续的研发改进提供设计参考。

装载机瞬时转向力矩研究

装载机的转向性能为安全性能之一,而转向力矩的大小直接决定着整机的转向能力,尤其在整机满载、运输状态且转向到极限位置时,整机提供的转向力矩必须克服此时的转向阻力矩,才能实现安全转向。本文以现有装载机模型为基础,提出整机瞬时最大转向力矩的通用计算公式及其随转向角度变化的趋势,为新产品的设计和老产品的进一步优化做理论参考。

舷外冷却器在船舶上的应用

通过分析舷外冷却器的工作原理及安装维护情况,与安装在船舶内部的常规板式冷却器进行对比,为在船舶上实际安装和使用舷外冷却器进行研讨。

Characteristics of the Zhengzhou Laoyachen Fault Revealed by Seismic Exploration Data

Exploration and research of fault activities are the fundamentals of earthquake prediction and prevention and disaster reduction. In order to determine the location, characteristics and activities of the Zhengzhou-Laoyachen fault, shallow seismic prospecting with different exploration depth across the Laoyachen fault was carried out in the northern suburbs of Zhengzhou city in 2006. The images of the subterranean structure and tectonics at depths of 30m～6000m have been available by applying the combined methods of explosive seismic sources and vibrator seismic sources, as well as the combination of diverse observation systems with different parameters. The outcome indicates that the Laoyachen fault is a normal fault running NW and dipping NE, which offsets stratums ahead of Neogene (N). However, no fault displacements are found in the interior stratums of Q+N.

Application of the Common Offset Seismic Reflection Method to Urban Active Fault Surveys

The method and principle of common offset seismic surveys as well as the field data gathering and processing technique were introduced briefly. Through two urban active fault survey examples in Fuzhou and Shenyang, the efficiency and limitation of using the common offset seismic reflection technique to carry out urban active fault surveys were probed. The results show that this technique has the properties of high resolving power, better reconstruction of subsurface structures, and real-time analyzing and interpretation of investigation results on site. This method can be used to quickly locate objects under investigation accurately in the areas with thinner Quaternary overburdens and strong bedrock interface fluctuations.

The Best Combination Methods and Applied Research of Seismic Prospecting for Active Faults in Urban Areas

This paper introduces briefly the basic principles of various seismic prospecting techniques and working methods according to nationwide practices of seismic prospecting of active faults beneath big cities in recent years.Furthermore,it analyzes the application range of different seismic prospecting methods,main achievements and solved problems,and discusses the best combination of seismic exploration methods for detecting crustal structures and locating the faults used in the present stage,that is,to trace faults which are at depths of hundred of meters underground using shallow seismic investigation,to detect the faults which are above basement(at a depth of kilometers) using high resolution refraction sounding,and the deep crustal faults using combined seismic prospecting methods of reflection seismic sounding and wide-angle reflection/refraction sounding,and furthermore,to use the 3-D deep seismic sounding method to obtain 3-D velocity structures beneath urban areas.Thus,we can get information about fault attitude and distribution at different depths and a complete image of faults from their shallow part to deep part using the combined seismic exploration method.Some application examples are presented in the article.

Exploration and Study of Deep Crustal Structure in the Quanzhou Basin and Its Adjacent Area

The Quanzhou basin and its adjacent areas locate in the middle of the southeastern coast seismic belt on the Chinese mainland. The very fine geometry structure of this area from near ground to Moho interface and the relationship between the deep and shallow faults are obtained based on deep seismic reflection profiling. This profile is the first deep seismic reflection profile in this area and it indicates that the crust can be divided into the upper crust and the lower crust and the thickness of crust is from 29.5 km to 31 km in this area. The upper crust and the lower crust can be also divided into two layers. There are shallow normal faults developed in the upper crust and extending to the depth from 6 km to 12 km. The angle of those listric faults decreases with depth and the faults joint into the C1 interface （detachment surface）. There is a high angle fault under the Yong’an-Jinjiang fault belt which cuts off the interface of the upper crust and the lower crust and the Moho interface. Although there is no connection between the shallow and the deep faults, it offers deep structural environment for moderate and strong earthquake because of the deep high angle fault. This exploration result improves the reliability and precision of explanation of deep crustal structure in this area. The pull-apart and listric normal fault model indicates that the upper crust structure accords to the dynamic process of Taiwan Straits. This is helpful for seismicity estimation of Quanzhou and its adjacent area and important for obtaining more of the dynamic process of the southeast coast seismic belt.

The crustal structures of the central Longmenshan along and its margins as related to the seismotectonics of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake

In 2010,a 500-km-long wide-angle reflection/refraction seismic profile was completed,running northwest from the central Sichuan Basin.This profile orthogonally crosses the meizoseismal area of great Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008,which occurred in the central part of the Longmenshan.The profile also passes through the northwestern Sichuan Plateau,along which a new deep seismic sounding observation system was set up that was much improved over previous datasets and enabled abundant observations to be recorded.Seismic wave phase records that reflect the structural characteristics of different tectonic blocks,especially the complicated phase features associated with the Wenchuan earthquake,were calculated and analyzed in detail.A 2D crustal P-wave velocity model for the orogenic belt in the central Longmenshan and its margins was determined,and crustal structure differences between the stable Sichuan Basin and the thickened northwestern Sichuan Plateau were characterized.Lithological variations within the upper and lower crust in the interior of the plateau,especially a great velocity decrease and plastic rheological properties associated with strong lithologic weakening in lower crust,were detected.From west to east in the lower crust beneath the orogenic belt lying between the Sichuan Basin and the northwestern Sichuan Plateau,a giant shovel-like upwelling is observed that dips gently in the lower part and at higher angles in the upper part;this is inferred to be related to the fault systems in the central Longmenshan.An upwelling in the upper-middle crust along the eastern margin of the orogenic belt is associated with steeply dipping thrusts that strongly uplift the upper crust and crystalline basement beneath a central fault system in the Longmenshan.The data,combined with an understanding of the regional tectonic stress field and previous geological results,enable a discussion of basin-and-range coupling,orogenic tectonics,the crustal fault system,and the seismogenic tectonic environment of the central Longmenshan along the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.