The Prevalence of HIV Drug Resistance among Treatment-failure Individuals and Treatment-nave Individuals in China:A Meta-analysis

Objective To understand drug resistance prevalence among treatment-failure and treatment-nave HIV-positive individuals in China.Methods We searched five electronic databases（Wanfang,CNKI,CQVIP,SinoMed,and Pubmed） for studies of HIV drug resistance.Random-effects models were carried out to estimate the prevalence of drug resistance among treatment-failure and treatment-nave individuals,respectively.Results The estimated nationwide rates of HIV drug resistance to any-class drugs among treatment-failure and treatment-nave individuals were 57%（95% CI：49%-65%） and 3.23%（95% CI：2.47%-4.07%）,respectively.Among the drug classes,the prevalence of resistance to PIs was low（1.45%;95% CI：0.73%-2.33%） in treatment-failure individuals,although high rates of resistance to NNRTIs（54%;95% CI：45%-63%） and NRTIs（40%;95% CI：32%-49%） were found.Resistance to any-class drugs,NNRTIs and NRTIs manifested regional differences,but resistance to PIs did not.Positive correlations were observed between resistance to NNRTIs and NRTIs among treatment-failure and treatment-nave individuals,respectively.Conclusion The prevalence of HIV drug resistance to NNRTIs and NRTIs among treatment-failure individuals was high.In contrast,the prevalence of drug resistance among treatment-nave individuals was low.The epidemics of drug resistance matched current treatment strategies and interventions in China.Surveillance for HIV drug resistance is necessary to assess the sustainability and durability of current treatment regimens.

HIV-infected Female Sex Workers High Risk Behavior and Attitude Changes in Kaiyuan City, Yunnan Province, China

Objective To investigate the attitude and sexual behavior status and change among HIV positive female workers in entertainment sites in Kaiyuan city, Yunnan province, China. The key information should be applied in the integrated intervention program in future. Methods A cohort survey among HIV positive female workers was conducted during 12 months, between 2010 and 2012. All the risk sexual behavior and attitude were collected for assessment for the potential secondary transmission to sexual partners. Results Of 99 HIV positive women who sell sex in Kaiyuan city, 99 participated in the survey at baseline, 80, 80, 75, and 75 at 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month follow-ups. The percentage of participants who reported consistently used condoms in the last one month ranged between 94.5% and 95.5%. The client volume in the last one month, income per sex and age group were significant related with non-insistent condom use with their clients. Conclusion It was suggested that integrated intervention program package should include 100 percent condom use promotion for the HIV positive FSW with all sexual partners, and also, include socially support involved.

Evaluation of Six Recombinant Proteins for Serological Diagnosis of Lyme Borreliosis in China

Objective In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic efficiency of six recombinant proteins for the serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis （LB） and screened out the appropriate antigens to support the production of a Chinese clinical ELISA （enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay） kit for LB. Methods Six recombinant antigens, Fla B.g, OspC B.a, OspC B.g, P39 B.g, P83 B.g, and VlsE B.a, were used for ELISA to detect serum antibodies in LB, syphilis, and healthy controls. The ELISA results were used to generate receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curves, and the sensitivity and specificity of each protein was evaluated. All recombinant proteins were evaluated and screened by using logistic regression models. Results Two IgG （VISE and OspC B.g） and two IgM （OspC B.g and OspC B.a） antigens were left by the logistic regression model screened. VIsE had the highest specificity for syphilis samples in the IgG test （87.7%, P〈0.05）. OspC B.g had the highest diagnostic value in the IgM test （AUC=0.871）. Interactive effects between OspC B.a and Fla B.g could reduce the specificity of the ELISA. Conclusion Three recombinant antigens, OspC B.g, OspC B.a, and VisE B.a, were useful for ELISAs of LB. Additionally, the interaction between OspC B.a and Fla B.g should be examined in future research.

Polymorphism of P66 in Borrelia Burgdorferi Strains in China

Objective To study the polymorphism in P66 and its human B-cell epitopes of Borrelia burgdorferi strains in China.Methods Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and sequencing were used to obtain the P66 sequences of59 Chinese B.burgdorferi.Then the sequences were analyzed by MEGA 5.10 software and compared with the human B-cell epitope sequences from the Immune Epitope Database(IEDB)based on the reference strain of each genotype.Results Results showed that genetic and amino acid diversity presented in the 66 kD protein of all 59 Chinese strains,especially in Borrelia garinii(B.g)and Borrelia afzelii(B.a)strains.B.g strains were divided into three subclusters and two scattered strains JC1-7 and JC2-2 according to the amino acid sequences of P66.The P66 sequences of 15 Xinjiang strains represented by XI91-12 in the B.g subcluster1,changed from CAA to TAA codon at 508 aa position,resulting in early termination.Bases A and C were inserted at sequence position 1523 bp of strains FP1,LB20,LB21,and SZ21 in the B.a genotype,which resulted to early termination at position 511 aa.G base was inserted at 438 bp of LIP94-11 strain,which led to early termination at position 172 aa.Conclusion In P66 of 59 Chinese strains,polymorphisms were widely distributed.More importantly,the P66 amino acid sequences of B.g strains had a certain regional character.One of the characteristics of Xinjiang B.g isolates might be the variation at the 508 aa location in 15 Xinjiang B.g strains,which may be related to the strains’pathogenicity in this area.