基于煤氢协同与柴油动力的露天矿卡综合排放性对比

矿卡运输是露天煤矿的关键生产系统,随着绿色低碳和清洁环保要求的提高,能源转化和矿卡动力系统运行是露天煤矿大气污染物和温室气体排放的主要来源之一,其已成为研究热点。为研究露天矿卡能源与动力方案综合排放性,以某露天煤矿及其运输系统作为研究对象,对能源转化和矿卡动力2个子系统设计了3种基于煤氢协同的技术方案及另外1种传统技术路线的对比方案,确定研究范围和边界条件,建立研究模型和数据清单,以10 a为周期对运输1 m^(3)·km的土石方或煤炭的燃料周期过程中的大气污染物和温室气体排放进行定量分析和对比。结果表明方案2采用绿氢动力的综合排放性最好,方案1和3可将排放从矿卡动力转移到能源转化环节,有利于采取集中有效措施进行减排,方案1的减排重点为脱硫和除尘,方案3和方案4的减排重点为CO_(2)捕集、封存和利用,方案4矿卡柴油动力系统的大气污染物CO和HC+NO_(x)排放量大,减排技术难度大,有必要开展矿卡新型清洁高效动力系统研究。

南海某深水区地层异常高压成因分析及识别方法

介绍了南海东部深水区地层异常高压的机理成因分析,研究了利用声波、中子、密度、电阻度等测井曲线识别异常高压地层的层位以及分析高压成因类型,对后期大规模的勘探开发的钻井工程安全提供重要依据。

海上油田水平井钻井设计优化及实现

介绍了水井平B1井钻井过程中受突发台风、季风等影响停钻后,裸眼段浸泡时间长达15d,井壁失稳,井况复杂,不具备通井条件,选择弃井后,优化钻井设计,重新设计B2井顺利完钻,最终实现了钻井目的,顺利投产。

种植业产业集聚对水环境污染的影响:基于面板数据的门槛回归分析

本研究采用2012-2016年张家口市各区(县)数据,运用门槛模型等多种方法,研究种植业产业集聚对水环境的影响。结果表明,在2012-2016年,张家口市种植业产业聚集对水环境的影响呈现以下特征:1)种植业源化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)产生量总体呈递减趋势,种植业源氨氮产生量总体呈递增趋势。2)涿鹿县、康保县、赤城县、张北县、怀来县、沽源县和崇礼县是种植业中度集聚区,蔚县、万全县和下花园区是种植业较低集聚区。3)种植业产业集聚度在跨越门槛值以前,对种植业源COD产生量有正向影响,跨越门槛值后,有负向影响。种植业产业集聚度对种植业源氨氮产生量有负向影响。4)公共财政预算支出、研发经费投入对种植业源COD产生量和种植业源氨氮产生量均具有正向影响;全社会固定资产投资对种植业源COD产生量有负向影响,对种植业源氨氮产生量有正向影响;种植业总产值对种植业源COD产生量有负向影响,对种植业源氨氮产生量有正向影响;化肥施用折纯量对种植业源COD产生量有正向影响,对种植业源氨氮产生量有负向影响。

牛粪与秸秆类废弃物配比好氧发酵新工艺对堆肥效果的影响

以牛粪为主料,玉米秸秆、枸杞枝条及葡萄枝条为辅料进行碳氮配比,添加微生物菌剂,通过自制式全封闭旋转通气加氧装置进行有机物料好氧发酵,比较不同有机辅料与牛粪配比腐熟发酵新工艺对堆肥腐熟效果的影响。试验共设置3个处理:T1(牛粪+玉米秸秆)、T2(牛粪+枸杞枝条)、T3(牛粪+葡萄枝条),以物理、化学、生物指标为考核标准进行各项指标的评价。结果表明:利用植物秸秆替代风化煤与糠醛渣进行好氧腐熟发酵完成后,T1、T2及T3处理有机质含量在45.47%~47.80%,且60℃以上温度维持均超过14 d,首先达标;含水率为28.21%~30.75%,pH值在8.29~8.49、粪大肠杆菌群数均小于3.60 MPN·g^-1,蛔虫死亡率97.04%~98.34%,重金属Cd、Cr、As及Pb含量分别在0.809~0.842、5.34~17.37、4.26~4.72、1.64~2.15 mg·kg^-1,轻易达标;N+P2O5+K2O在3.94%~4.70%,接近NY525-2012有机肥标准;纤维素、半纤维素及木质素降解明显。腐熟完成后,T1、T2及T3处理指标间优势明显。T1处理发酵所需时间最短,为21 d,T2与T3处理均为25 d腐熟完成。玉米秸秆配比最佳,葡萄枝条配比次之,枸杞枝条配比发酵最慢。综合考虑好氧腐熟发酵进程、理化指标与生物指标变化及发酵成本,建议在实际生产中采用玉米秸秆与牛粪配比发酵,能够有效促进腐熟进程,提升产品品质,节约成本。

叶面喷施不同浓度镁肥对酿酒葡萄光合特性、产量及浆果品质的影响

为筛选出适宜酿酒葡萄的叶面喷施镁肥浓度,为酿酒葡萄科学管理提供技术支撑和理论指导,以7年生酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’(Cabernet Sauvignon)为研究对象,在常规施肥的基础上,分别设置叶面喷施镁肥(MgSO_(4)·7H_(2)O)CK(0.00%)、F1(0.09%)、F2(0.18%)、F3(0.27%)、F4(0.36%)和F5(0.45%)6个处理,进行田间试验,探讨贺兰山东麓碱性土壤条件下,不同叶面施镁浓度对酿酒葡萄赤霞珠叶片光合特性、果实品质以及产量的影响。结果显示:叶面喷施0.27%镁肥效果最为显著,与CK相比,叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)和叶绿素a+b(Chl a+b)分别提高28.26%、42.81%和32.49%;净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度分别提高36.72%、65.58%和100.82%;总酚、单宁、花色苷、可滴定酸及产量分别提高11.22%、8.08%、29.60%、11.69%和8.17%。通过相关分析发现,酿酒葡萄产量与Chl b、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度呈极显著正相关,与Chl a、花色苷呈显著正相关,与胞间CO2浓度呈显著负相关。通过主成分分析,得出在常规施肥基础上,叶面喷施0.27%镁肥对提高赤霞珠叶片光合特性和果实产量及平衡糖酸比改善浆果品质效果最佳。

纳米肥料助剂与氮肥配施对白菜生长、产量、品质及土壤酶活性的影响

以宁夏主栽“小义和秋”白菜为研究对象,设置345 kg·hm^-2氮肥(CK,常规施肥)、37.5 kg·hm^-2纳米肥料助剂+345 kg·hm^-2氮肥(T1)、75 kg·hm^-2纳米肥料助剂+300 kg·hm^-2氮肥(T2,减氮13%)、112.5 kg·hm^-2纳米肥料助剂+255 kg·hm^-2氮肥(T3,减氮26%)、150 kg·hm^-2纳米肥料助剂+210 kg·hm^-2氮肥(T4,减氮39%)共5种处理,以常规施肥为对照,探究灌淤土上纳米肥料助剂与氮肥配施对白菜生长、产量、品质及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,较CK相比,白菜干物质量、株高、外叶数、球纵径、横径、单株毛菜质量、产量涨幅分别增加1.22%~6.31%,1.67%~4.80%,6.98%~15.90%,12.19%~56.60%,1.22%~25.91%,0.68%~27.89%和3.98%~32.24%,白菜可溶性固形物较CK增加-2.49%~1.88%,不同处理之间可溶性糖与Vc含量影响不明显,硝酸盐含量较CK降低2.46%~4.54%,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性分别增加1.72%~13.79%,-25.65%~1.07%,和11.99%~18.80%,碱性磷酸酶活性降低了5.61%~18.36%。同时,较CK相比,苗期SPAD值无影响,莲座期、结球前期及结球后期的外叶和中叶SPAD值有一定差异,并在结球前后期SPAD达到峰值,成熟期各处理叶片SPAD值无显著差异。综合白菜成熟期各因子T2处理表现最佳,在银川平原灌於土上以减氮肥13%+75 kg·hm^-2纳米肥料助剂对复种白菜生长与增产较为适宜。

有机废弃物配比发酵对黄瓜幼苗生长发育的影响

为促进地区有机废弃物资源有效利用,提升育苗基质质量,研究以有机废弃物配比发酵对黄瓜幼苗生长发育的影响。以牛粪与玉米、小麦、水稻、芦苇秸秆分别进行配比发酵后作为育苗基质进行试验,共设5个处理:T1(牛粪+玉米秸秆发酵基质)、T2(牛粪+小麦秸秆发酵基质)、T3(牛粪+水稻秸秆发酵基质)、T4(牛粪+芦苇秸秆发酵基质)、CK(选用“壮苗2号”商品育苗基质),分析不同处理育苗基质的理化性质及其对黄瓜幼苗生长形态、生理指标的影响,探讨有机废弃物配比发酵作为育苗基质的可行性。结果表明,有机废弃物配比发酵处理可以提高育苗基质的通气孔隙度、持水孔隙度、有机质养分含量,降低育苗基质的pH和电导率。由黄瓜幼苗生长形态指标可知,与CK相比,有机废弃物发酵配比处理黄瓜幼苗株高提高11.19%~36.76%,茎粗增加22.79%~54.76%,叶面积增加4.74%~40.09%,地上部鲜质量增加6.95%~58.27%,地上部干质量增加19.04%~104.76%,壮苗指数增加16.66%~33.33%;根冠比较CK增加26.31%。由黄瓜生理指标可知,T1处理黄瓜幼苗植株生理效果最好,与CK相比,可溶性糖含量提高28.16%,根系活力提高90.97%,可溶性蛋白含量提高66.44%,叶绿素a含量提高20.58%,叶绿素总量提高15.11%。通过对生长形态和生理指标的综合评价得出,有机废弃物配比发酵处理以T1最优,T3、T2、T4次之,CK最差。因此,将有机废弃物配比发酵处理作为黄瓜育苗基质具有可行性。

成都市景观格局与生态系统服务的关联效应

随着城镇化进程的加快,城市景观格局发生巨大变化,进而引起城市生态系统过程和结构变化,降低了生态系统功能的发挥和服务供给。然而,目前关于城市景观格局与生态系统服务的时空变化关系的定量研究较为缺乏。本文以成都市为研究区,利用景观指数分析、InVEST模型和皮尔逊相关分析等方法,分析2000—2015年土地利用中景观格局、生态系统服务时空变化特征,并使用地理探测器模型甄别两者之间的关系。结果表明:(1)研究期内建设用地、林地面积呈增加趋势,耕地和草地面积呈减小趋势。土地利用类型主要是在耕地、草地、建设用地和林地之间转移。(2)成都市整体景观的破碎度和异质性增强。(3)生态系统服务中,碳固存、作物产量、产水量和生境质量呈减少趋势,水土保持呈增加趋势。产水量自西向东呈“龙门山区—成都平原—龙泉山区—西部丘陵区”梯度式变化。多重生态系统服务景观指数整体上呈增长趋势,这可能与生态系统服务间以协同关系为主、权衡关系为辅有关。(4)城市生态系统服务受城市景观格局的显著影响,是城市景观对生态系统多维度综合作用的表征。本研究结果可为成都市的规划和生态建设工作提供科学有效的支撑,对深入城市景观生态学研究、指导城市空间规划具有实践意义。

生物炭输入对土壤有机碳和玉米生长的影响

【目的】研究生物炭输入对土壤有机碳和玉米生长的影响。【方法】以无外源碳输入处理为对照(CK),研究不同外源碳(秸秆及其生物炭)等碳量输入条件下(秸秆1%-Str1.0、秸秆3%-Str3.0、秸秆10%-Str10.0;生物炭0.8%-BC0.8、生物炭2.4%-BC2.4、生物炭8.0%-BC8.0),对土壤含水率、土壤有机碳含量、玉米叶绿素度、净光合速率及产量的影响规律。【结果】较CK处理,输入生物炭显著增加了玉米抽叶期、拔节期、开花期、成熟期的土壤含水率,增幅分别为0.38%~3.64%、1.57%~15.57%、0.37%~3.88%,差异性显著(P<0.05);生物炭输入后,玉米不同生育期土壤有机碳含量增加了72.21%~99.45%,而秸秆碳输入,则使得玉米不同生育期土壤有机碳含量分别增加了30.78%~41.38%;生物炭输入对玉米叶绿素度(SPAD)在开花期和成熟期分别较CK处理提高13.33%、0.07%。玉米不同生育期净光合速率相较CK处理提高了15.99%~29.11%,且以开花期的增幅最大。生物炭少量和适量输入(BC0.8和BC2.4)条件下,玉米产量较CK处理分别提高15.71%和18.80%。【结论】向土壤中输入生物炭BC0.8和Str10.0可以有效的培肥土壤,促进玉米生长和提高产量。

10kV屏蔽型可分离连接器应力锥典型故障分析

文中首先对10 kV屏蔽型可分离连接器的结构进行了简介,通过对典型故障案例的故障原因和失效机理进行详细的分析,得出故障的主要原因是安装不规范,造成应力锥与可分离连接器发生相对位移,导致内部电场分布发生畸变。然后,根据典型故障的原因分析建立相应的电场仿真分析模型,对仿真分析结果进行了综合分析对比,进一步验证了故障原因分析的合理性。最后,结合10 k V屏蔽型可分离连接器的结构特点、典型故障原因和实际运行工况,提出了防止应力锥位移的预防措施。

流花11-1油田高水垂比大位移井尾管下入设计及应用

本井使用Landmark软件进行套管摩擦系数反演和下入摩阻计算,分析不同尾管下入方式,优选钻杆和尾管全掏空+旋转下入方式,并采取加重钻杆倒装和送入管柱复配设计,克服了尾管在长延伸裸眼段中的高摩阻问题,解决了高水垂比大位移井采用常规尾管下入方式下放无悬重,无法下放到位的难题。

Spatio-temporal Pattern of Net Primary Productivity in Hengduan Mountains area, China： Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities

Net primary productivity(NPP), a metric used to define and identify changes in plant communities, is greatly affected by climate change, human activities and other factors. Here, we used the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach(CASA) model to estimate the NPP of plant communities in Hengduan Mountains area of China, and to explore the relationship between NPP and altitude in this region. We examined the mechanisms underlying vegetation growth responses to climate change and quantitatively assessed the effects of ecological protection measures by partitioning the contributions of climate change and human activities to NPP changes. The results demonstrated that: 1) the average total and annual NPP values over the years were 209.15 Tg C and 468.06 g C/(m2·yr), respectively. Their trend increasingly fluctuated, with spatial distribution strongly linked to altitude(i.e., lower and higher NPP in high altitude and low altitude areas, respectively) and 2400 m represented the marginal altitude for vegetation differentiation; 2) areas where climate was the main factor affecting NPP accounted for 18.2% of the total research area, whereas human activities were the primary factor influencing NPP in 81.8% of the total research area, which indicated that human activity was the main force driving changes in NPP. Areas where climatic factors(i.e., temperature and precipitation) were the main driving factors occupied 13.6%(temperature) and 6.0%(precipitation) of the total research area, respectively. Therefore, the effect of temperature on NPP changes was stronger than that of precipitation; and 3) the majority of NPP residuals from 2001 to 2014 were positive, with human activities playing an active role in determining regional vegetation growth, possibly due to the return of farmland back to forest and natural forest protection. However, this positive trend is decreasing. This clearly shows the periodical nature of ecological projects and a lack of long-term effectiveness.

Analysis of Major Driving Forces of Ecological Footprint Based on the STRIPAT Model and RR Method:A Case of Sichuan Province,Southwest China

The Ecological Footprint(EF) equation provides useful accounting to analyze the relationship between human activities and the environment.Knowledge of the specific forces driving EF is not fully understood but the STIRPAT model provides a simple framework for decomposing the impact of human activities on environment.We applied the EF model in Sichuan Province,China to assess the impact of human activities.The per capita EF increased by 2 fold in the 14 years between 1995 and 2008,but ecological capacity decreased in the same period,suggesting that the biologically productive area of Sichuan Province is inadequate to sustain human activities.According to the refined STIRPAT model,the hypothesized driving forces of EF include population size(P),GDP per capita(A1),quadratic term of GDP per capita(A2),percentage of GDP from industry(T1) and urbanization rate(T2).However,the multi-collinearity among these drivers could be a substantial problem which may reveal negative effect in the final results.Application of the Ridge Regression(RR) method to fit the STIRPAT model had the advantage of being able to avoid the collinearity among independent variables.The results showed that population is the principal driving force of EF variation in Sichuan Province and that urbanization and industrialization also have a positive association with the EF.Analysis of affluence elasticity(EEA) showed that the relationship betweenEF and economic growth was not curvilinear,suggesting that variation of EF does not follow an Environmental Kuznets Curve relative to economic growth in Sichuan Province.

Function of Rural Settlement Complex Ecosystem in Mountain Area:A Case Study of Raosi Village of Zuogong County,Tibet

Using energy analysis,the quantifying evaluation and study method on production, living and ecology functions and their sustainability of rural settlement ecosystem in mountain area is established with these energy index such as export of labor and products, export of water resource, internal energy reserve, energy consumption for human living, net energy of ecosystem function and net internal reserve. Taking rural settlement Raosi Village in Hengduan Mountains as a case study, and on the basis of the synthetic research into the ecological process of the complex ecosystem, the study shows that energy costs of production, human living and ecology functions are separately taking 1.36%, 13.59% and 85. 05% of the gross ecosystem functions, and the exertions of production and human living functions are close to a high-point state on the present using level of energy in the settlement. The study also shows that the most important function of a rural settlement in mountain area is its ecological rather productive function.

The Impact of Catastrophic Natural Disaster on Land-Use Changes of Qingping Town and the Selection of Suitable Land for Settlement Construction

A Ms 8.0 large earthquake occurred in Sichuan,China on May 12,2008（hereafter called 5.12 Earthquake）,and then a large debris flow happened in the quake-hit Qingping Township of Mianzhu county on August 13,2008（hereafter called 8.13 Debris Flow）.The influence of two disasters on the changes in land use were analyzed by using highresolution aerial photos and satellite remote sensing images taken before and after the 5.12 Earthquake and 8.13 Debris Flow,the selection of suitable construction land were studied by learning experiences and lessons from the selection of resettlement areas and through field surveys and with land use transfer model and analytical model in combination with RS and GIS.The results showed that the influence of the 5.12 Earthquake on ecological environment was far greater than that of the 8.13 Debris Flow;there were more salient conflicts between population and land after the earthquake.Sites for post-disaster reconstruction should not be in disaster-prone areas or in gully-facing areas.Suitable land for settlement construction in I-1~I-5 low-hazard zones is optimal settlement areas for post-disaster reconstruction.

Geographical Space Development Zone Classification:An Essential Guide for Transformation of Mountain Resource Cities

Sustainable development of mountain areas and resource cities has been a significant issue worldwide. Transformation of mountain resource cities is facing tremendous difficulties. In the context of National Major Function-oriented Zone Planning raised to a national strategic level in China, it is important to effectively implement the planning by studying geographical space development zone classification of prefecture- and county-level cities based on their major function orientation. This research is even more critical for the transformation of mountain resource cities. In this study, we evaluated geographical space development suitability, and classified geographical space development zones for Dongchuan Distric in Kunming City of Yunan Province, China, a typical mountain resource city. A quantitative grid-based evaluation was conducted using key-factor identification and restrictive-supportive comprehensive index determinati based on a geographic information system framework with different source data. The results included a classification of geographical space of Dongchuan into five types: the prohibited development zone, the inappropriate development zone, the controlled development zone, the moderate development zone and the preferential development zone. The distribution characteristics of geographical space development zones showed that the proportion of the prohibited development zone is the highest, while that of the other four development zones is comparatively lower and significantly fragmented. The geographical space development suitability is greatly controlled by the geomorphic pattern. Although Dongchuan is extremely restrained in terms of suitable geographical space for industrialization and urbanization, it still has the certain preferential and moderate development zones with an area of 207.81 km2 with large parts being concentrated and contiguous, which makes these areas the most favorable for development. Only by adapting to this reality and implementing centralized development strategy in the regions with higher suitability may Dongchuan achieve smooth transformation from expansion mode to compact mode and its sustainable development capacity may be improved. Suggestions with an angle of industrial and spatial development pattern were put forward for the transformation of the city in future.

微扩孔器在南海东部惠州油田的应用分析

随着小井眼钻井技术和套管开窗技术的广泛应用,钻井技术的不断发展和钻井施工难度的日益加大,为减少井下复杂情况、提高了钻井时效和固井质量,对井下扩孔工具有了更高的要求,南海东部惠州油田钻某4SC井时在随钻钻具组合中使用微扩孔器,该工具扩径的显著效果对与井下扩孔技术的研究具有重大的意义,解决了小套管下入困难、起下钻遇阻卡风险等难题[1-2]。

矿用自卸车独立前悬架K&C特性对比研究

以矿用自卸车独立前悬架K&C特性对比为研究目的,以单纵臂式、烛式、麦弗逊式和双横臂式4种典型的独立前悬架为研究对象,基于多体运动学理论,建立3个前提假设,利用Maple Sim软件进行这4种独立前悬架的建模、仿真和分析。仿真结果的对比研究表明:双横臂式独立前悬架的K特性最优,其次是单纵臂式独立前悬架,再次是麦弗逊式独立前悬架,最后是烛式独立前悬架;4种独立前悬架的C特性指标值均很小,相比轮跳而言,独立前悬架弹性变形对车轮定位参数和轮心位移的影响很小。