Bisphenol A （BPA） is the monomer component of polycarbonate plastics and classified as an endocrine disrupting chemical （EDC）. The reproductive toxicity of BPA has been extensively studied in mammals; however, rel...Bisphenol A （BPA） is the monomer component of polycarbonate plastics and classified as an endocrine disrupting chemical （EDC）. The reproductive toxicity of BPA has been extensively studied in mammals; however, relatively little information is available on the immunotoxic responses of fish to BPA. In this study, we investigated the effects of BPA on the immune functions of lymphocytes and macrophages in Carassius auratus. The effects of BPA were compared with those of two natural steroid hormones, estradiol and hydrocortisone. Proliferation of the two types of cells in response to PHA was measured using colorimetric MTT assay. Macrophage respiratory burst stimulated by Con A was measured using chemiluminescence assay. Results showed that BPA （0.054-5.4 mg/L）, estradiol （0.0002-2.0 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （5-50 mg/L） significantly induced Carassius auratus lymphocyte proliferation while higher doses of hydrocortisone （500-5000 mg/L） appeared to be inhibitory. BPA （0.005-50 mg/L）, estradiol （0.005-800 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （0.005-500 mg/L） markedly enhanced macrophage proliferation, whereas higher doses of BPA （500-1000 mg/L） appeared to inhibit cell proliferation. Furthermore, higher dosage of BPA （50 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （50 and 500 mg/L） suppressed the macrophages respiratory burst while estradiol is stimulative all the doses tested （0.05-500 mg/L）. In conclusion, BPA could have immunotoxicity to Carassius auratus and functional changes of lymphocyte and macrophage in Carassius auratus may be different between low and high dosages.展开更多
The wide use of quaternary ammonium cationic surfactants(QACs)results in their release into the environment.Most surfactants have significant biotoxicity.However,existing toxicity data on QACs are still lacking,especi...The wide use of quaternary ammonium cationic surfactants(QACs)results in their release into the environment.Most surfactants have significant biotoxicity.However,existing toxicity data on QACs are still lacking,especially regarding the joint toxic effects of their mixtures.In computer simulation technology,molecular docking technology is commonly used for studying the mode of action of receptors docking with ligands.The research of QACs mixture interaction is relatively rare,and the binding mode of QACs is unknown.In this study,molecular docking technology was applied to explore the QAC binding mode,and the concentration addition(CA)and independent action(IA)models were applied for predicting the mixture toxicity.Firefly luciferase(FLuc)was used as a macromolecular receptor,and five typical QACs:benzalkonium bromide(BLB),tetraethylammonium bromide(TLB),N,N,N-trimethyl-1-tetradecyl ammonium bromide(CTE),tetrabutylammonium chloride(TAC),and dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride(DTC)were used as small molecule ligands.Molecular docking technology was used to investigate the binding mode of macromolecules and small molecules.The luminescence inhibitory effects of individual compounds and binary mixture on FLuc were determined by microplate toxicity assay of luciferase.The prediction of mixture toxicity was performed by CA and IA.The results showed that the relative toxicity follows:TLB<TAC<DTC<BLB<CTE.TLB and TAC showed the BS-Ⅱbinding mode,and BLB,CTE and DTC showed the BS-Ⅲbinding mode.The toxicity of compounds with binding mode BS-Ⅱwas less than that of those with BS-Ⅲbinding mode.Not all mixtures with the same binding mode could be predicted by CA model,and the IA model did not effectively predict the toxicity of mixtures with compound with different binding modes.The mixture toxicities of QACs with the same binding mode mostly presented additive and synergistic effects,while the mixture toxic effects of QACs with different binding modes presented additive or antagonistic effects.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20377022, 20237010)the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2002CB412307).
文摘Bisphenol A （BPA） is the monomer component of polycarbonate plastics and classified as an endocrine disrupting chemical （EDC）. The reproductive toxicity of BPA has been extensively studied in mammals; however, relatively little information is available on the immunotoxic responses of fish to BPA. In this study, we investigated the effects of BPA on the immune functions of lymphocytes and macrophages in Carassius auratus. The effects of BPA were compared with those of two natural steroid hormones, estradiol and hydrocortisone. Proliferation of the two types of cells in response to PHA was measured using colorimetric MTT assay. Macrophage respiratory burst stimulated by Con A was measured using chemiluminescence assay. Results showed that BPA （0.054-5.4 mg/L）, estradiol （0.0002-2.0 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （5-50 mg/L） significantly induced Carassius auratus lymphocyte proliferation while higher doses of hydrocortisone （500-5000 mg/L） appeared to be inhibitory. BPA （0.005-50 mg/L）, estradiol （0.005-800 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （0.005-500 mg/L） markedly enhanced macrophage proliferation, whereas higher doses of BPA （500-1000 mg/L） appeared to inhibit cell proliferation. Furthermore, higher dosage of BPA （50 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （50 and 500 mg/L） suppressed the macrophages respiratory burst while estradiol is stimulative all the doses tested （0.05-500 mg/L）. In conclusion, BPA could have immunotoxicity to Carassius auratus and functional changes of lymphocyte and macrophage in Carassius auratus may be different between low and high dosages.
基金Financially supported from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21667013 and 21866010)Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province (2018GXNSFAA281156)+2 种基金Guilin Scientific Research and Technology Development Program (20180107-5)Special Funding for Guangxi’BaGui Scholar’Construction ProjectsGuangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology for Science and Education Combined with Science and Technology Innovation Base。
文摘The wide use of quaternary ammonium cationic surfactants(QACs)results in their release into the environment.Most surfactants have significant biotoxicity.However,existing toxicity data on QACs are still lacking,especially regarding the joint toxic effects of their mixtures.In computer simulation technology,molecular docking technology is commonly used for studying the mode of action of receptors docking with ligands.The research of QACs mixture interaction is relatively rare,and the binding mode of QACs is unknown.In this study,molecular docking technology was applied to explore the QAC binding mode,and the concentration addition(CA)and independent action(IA)models were applied for predicting the mixture toxicity.Firefly luciferase(FLuc)was used as a macromolecular receptor,and five typical QACs:benzalkonium bromide(BLB),tetraethylammonium bromide(TLB),N,N,N-trimethyl-1-tetradecyl ammonium bromide(CTE),tetrabutylammonium chloride(TAC),and dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride(DTC)were used as small molecule ligands.Molecular docking technology was used to investigate the binding mode of macromolecules and small molecules.The luminescence inhibitory effects of individual compounds and binary mixture on FLuc were determined by microplate toxicity assay of luciferase.The prediction of mixture toxicity was performed by CA and IA.The results showed that the relative toxicity follows:TLB<TAC<DTC<BLB<CTE.TLB and TAC showed the BS-Ⅱbinding mode,and BLB,CTE and DTC showed the BS-Ⅲbinding mode.The toxicity of compounds with binding mode BS-Ⅱwas less than that of those with BS-Ⅲbinding mode.Not all mixtures with the same binding mode could be predicted by CA model,and the IA model did not effectively predict the toxicity of mixtures with compound with different binding modes.The mixture toxicities of QACs with the same binding mode mostly presented additive and synergistic effects,while the mixture toxic effects of QACs with different binding modes presented additive or antagonistic effects.
