Fungal secreted proteins that contain the Common in Fungal Extracellular Membrane(CFEM)domain are important for pathogenicity.The hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum graminicola causes the serious anthracnose disease...Fungal secreted proteins that contain the Common in Fungal Extracellular Membrane(CFEM)domain are important for pathogenicity.The hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum graminicola causes the serious anthracnose disease of maize.In this study,we identified 24 CgCFEM proteins in the genome of C.graminicola.Phylogenic analysis revealed that these 24 proteins(CgCFEM1–24)can be divided into 2 clades based on the presence of the trans-membrane domain.Sequence alignment analysis indicated that the amino acids of the CFEM domain are highly conserved and contain 8 spaced cysteines,with the exception that CgCFEM1 and CgCFEM24 lack 1 and 2 cysteines,respectively.Ten CgCFEM proteins with a signal peptide and without the trans-membrane domain were considered as candidate effectors and,thus were selected for structural prediction and functional analyses.The CFEM domain in the candidate effectors can form a helical-basket structure homologous to the Csa2 protein in Candida albicans,which is responsible for haem acquisition and pathogenicity.Subcellular localization analysis revealed that these effectors accumulate in the cell membrane,nucleus,and cytosolic bodies.Additionally,5 effectors,CgCFEM6,7,8,9 and 15,can suppress the BAX-induced programmed cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana with or without the signal peptide.These results demonstrate that these 10 CgCFEM candidate effectors with different structures and subcellular localizations in host cells may play important roles during the pathogenic processes on maize plants.展开更多
This paper proposes a WD-GA-LSSVM model for predicting the displacement of a deepseated landslide triggered by seasonal rainfall,in which wavelet denoising(WD)is used in displacement time series of landslide to elimin...This paper proposes a WD-GA-LSSVM model for predicting the displacement of a deepseated landslide triggered by seasonal rainfall,in which wavelet denoising(WD)is used in displacement time series of landslide to eliminate the GPS observation noise in the original data,and genetic algorithm(GA)is applied to obtain optimal parameters of least squares support vector machines(LSSVM)model.The model is first trained and then evaluated by using data from a gentle dipping(~2°-5°)landslide triggered by seasonal rainfall in the southwest of China.Performance comparisons of WD-GA-LSSVM model with Back Propagation Neural Network(BPNN)model and LSSVM are presented,individually.The results indicate that the adoption of WD-GA-LSSVM model significantly improves the robustness and accuracy of the displacement prediction and it provides a powerful technique for predicting the displacement of a rainfall-triggered landslide.展开更多
The diversity of prokaryotic communities in soil is shaped by both biotic and abiotic factors.However,little is known about the major factors shaping soil prokaryotic communities at a large scale in agroecosystems.To ...The diversity of prokaryotic communities in soil is shaped by both biotic and abiotic factors.However,little is known about the major factors shaping soil prokaryotic communities at a large scale in agroecosystems.To this end,we undertook a study to investigate the impact of maize production cropping systems,soil properties and geographic location(latitude and longitude)on soil prokaryotic communities using metagenomic techniques,across four distinct maize production regions in China.Across all study sites,the dominant prokaryotes in soil were Alphaproteobacteria,Gammaproteobacteria,Betaproteobacteria,Gemmatimonadetes,Acidobacteria,and Actinobacteria.Non-metric multidimensional scaling revealed that prokaryotic communities clustered into the respective maize cropping systems in which they resided.Redundancy analysis(RDA)showed that soil properties especially pH,geographic location and cropping system jointly determined the diversity of the prokaryotic communities.The functional genes of soil prokaryotes from these samples were chiefly influenced by latitude,soil pH and cropping system,as revealed by RDA analysis.The abundance of genes in some metabolic pathways,such as genes involved in microbe–microbe interactions,degradation of aromatic compounds,carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes and microbial metabolism were markedly different across the four maize production regions.Our study indicated that the combination of soil pH,cropping system and geographic location significantly influenced the prokaryotic community and the functional genes of these microbes.This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the composition and function of the soil prokaryotic community across large-scale production systems such as maize.展开更多
Magnaporthe oryzae,the causal agent of blast diseases,is a destructive filamentous fungus that infects many plants including most economically important food crops,rice,wheat,pearl millet and finger millet.Magnaporthe...Magnaporthe oryzae,the causal agent of blast diseases,is a destructive filamentous fungus that infects many plants including most economically important food crops,rice,wheat,pearl millet and finger millet.Magnaporthe oryzae has numerous pathotypes because of its high host-specificity in the field.The Oryza pathotype(MoO)of M.oryzae is the most devastating pathogen of rice,causing 10–30%yield loss in the world.On the other hand,the Triticum pathotype(MoT)causes blast disease in wheat,which is now a serious threat to wheat production in some South American countries,Bangladesh and Zambia.Because of low fungicide efficacy against the blast diseases and lack of availability of resistant varieties,control of rice and wheat blast diseases is difficult.Therefore,an integrated management programme should be adopted to control these two diseases in the field.Here,we introduced and summarized the classification,geographical distribution,host range,disease symptoms,biology and ecology,economic impact,and integrated pest management(IPM)programme of both rice and wheat blast diseases.展开更多
By introducing the distribution of the light energy density in GaN-based light-emitting diode (LED),theLED model based on the incoherent regime and the light extraction efficiency are investigated.The energy density a...By introducing the distribution of the light energy density in GaN-based light-emitting diode (LED),theLED model based on the incoherent regime and the light extraction efficiency are investigated.The energy density asa function of the angle of incidence is calculated to demonstrate the mechanism of the light extraction.The deviationbetween the tendencies of the transmissivity of the output layer and the extraction efficiency is also demonstrated.展开更多
Let X denote a finite or infinite dimensional Lie algebra of Cartan type W, S, H or K over a field of characteristic p 〉 3. In this paper it is proved that certain filtrations of the underlying algebras are invariant...Let X denote a finite or infinite dimensional Lie algebra of Cartan type W, S, H or K over a field of characteristic p 〉 3. In this paper it is proved that certain filtrations of the underlying algebras are invariant under the admissible groups relative to Lie algebras of Cartan type X.展开更多
基金supported by the National Program for Support of Top-notch Young Professionals of China
文摘Fungal secreted proteins that contain the Common in Fungal Extracellular Membrane(CFEM)domain are important for pathogenicity.The hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum graminicola causes the serious anthracnose disease of maize.In this study,we identified 24 CgCFEM proteins in the genome of C.graminicola.Phylogenic analysis revealed that these 24 proteins(CgCFEM1–24)can be divided into 2 clades based on the presence of the trans-membrane domain.Sequence alignment analysis indicated that the amino acids of the CFEM domain are highly conserved and contain 8 spaced cysteines,with the exception that CgCFEM1 and CgCFEM24 lack 1 and 2 cysteines,respectively.Ten CgCFEM proteins with a signal peptide and without the trans-membrane domain were considered as candidate effectors and,thus were selected for structural prediction and functional analyses.The CFEM domain in the candidate effectors can form a helical-basket structure homologous to the Csa2 protein in Candida albicans,which is responsible for haem acquisition and pathogenicity.Subcellular localization analysis revealed that these effectors accumulate in the cell membrane,nucleus,and cytosolic bodies.Additionally,5 effectors,CgCFEM6,7,8,9 and 15,can suppress the BAX-induced programmed cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana with or without the signal peptide.These results demonstrate that these 10 CgCFEM candidate effectors with different structures and subcellular localizations in host cells may play important roles during the pathogenic processes on maize plants.
基金supported by the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 41502293)the National Basic Research Program (973 Program) (Grant No. 2014CB744703)the Funds for Creative Research Groups of China (Grant No. 41521002)
文摘This paper proposes a WD-GA-LSSVM model for predicting the displacement of a deepseated landslide triggered by seasonal rainfall,in which wavelet denoising(WD)is used in displacement time series of landslide to eliminate the GPS observation noise in the original data,and genetic algorithm(GA)is applied to obtain optimal parameters of least squares support vector machines(LSSVM)model.The model is first trained and then evaluated by using data from a gentle dipping(~2°-5°)landslide triggered by seasonal rainfall in the southwest of China.Performance comparisons of WD-GA-LSSVM model with Back Propagation Neural Network(BPNN)model and LSSVM are presented,individually.The results indicate that the adoption of WD-GA-LSSVM model significantly improves the robustness and accuracy of the displacement prediction and it provides a powerful technique for predicting the displacement of a rainfall-triggered landslide.
基金supported by the National Program for Support of Top-notch Young Professionals,Chinathe Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests,Institute of Plant Protection,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(SKLQF201508)the Project of Plant Protection Key Discipline of Henan Province,China。
文摘The diversity of prokaryotic communities in soil is shaped by both biotic and abiotic factors.However,little is known about the major factors shaping soil prokaryotic communities at a large scale in agroecosystems.To this end,we undertook a study to investigate the impact of maize production cropping systems,soil properties and geographic location(latitude and longitude)on soil prokaryotic communities using metagenomic techniques,across four distinct maize production regions in China.Across all study sites,the dominant prokaryotes in soil were Alphaproteobacteria,Gammaproteobacteria,Betaproteobacteria,Gemmatimonadetes,Acidobacteria,and Actinobacteria.Non-metric multidimensional scaling revealed that prokaryotic communities clustered into the respective maize cropping systems in which they resided.Redundancy analysis(RDA)showed that soil properties especially pH,geographic location and cropping system jointly determined the diversity of the prokaryotic communities.The functional genes of soil prokaryotes from these samples were chiefly influenced by latitude,soil pH and cropping system,as revealed by RDA analysis.The abundance of genes in some metabolic pathways,such as genes involved in microbe–microbe interactions,degradation of aromatic compounds,carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes and microbial metabolism were markedly different across the four maize production regions.Our study indicated that the combination of soil pH,cropping system and geographic location significantly influenced the prokaryotic community and the functional genes of these microbes.This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the composition and function of the soil prokaryotic community across large-scale production systems such as maize.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871912,31972229 and 31772119)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP)the grants from the Krishi Gobeshona Foundation(KGF),Bangladesh Project(TF50-C/17).
文摘Magnaporthe oryzae,the causal agent of blast diseases,is a destructive filamentous fungus that infects many plants including most economically important food crops,rice,wheat,pearl millet and finger millet.Magnaporthe oryzae has numerous pathotypes because of its high host-specificity in the field.The Oryza pathotype(MoO)of M.oryzae is the most devastating pathogen of rice,causing 10–30%yield loss in the world.On the other hand,the Triticum pathotype(MoT)causes blast disease in wheat,which is now a serious threat to wheat production in some South American countries,Bangladesh and Zambia.Because of low fungicide efficacy against the blast diseases and lack of availability of resistant varieties,control of rice and wheat blast diseases is difficult.Therefore,an integrated management programme should be adopted to control these two diseases in the field.Here,we introduced and summarized the classification,geographical distribution,host range,disease symptoms,biology and ecology,economic impact,and integrated pest management(IPM)programme of both rice and wheat blast diseases.
文摘By introducing the distribution of the light energy density in GaN-based light-emitting diode (LED),theLED model based on the incoherent regime and the light extraction efficiency are investigated.The energy density asa function of the angle of incidence is calculated to demonstrate the mechanism of the light extraction.The deviationbetween the tendencies of the transmissivity of the output layer and the extraction efficiency is also demonstrated.
基金The NSF(11171055)of Chinathe NSF(JC201004 and A200903)of Heilongjiang Province of Chinathe NSF(12511349)of Heilongjiang Educational Committee of China
文摘Let X denote a finite or infinite dimensional Lie algebra of Cartan type W, S, H or K over a field of characteristic p 〉 3. In this paper it is proved that certain filtrations of the underlying algebras are invariant under the admissible groups relative to Lie algebras of Cartan type X.
