The danger of mycotoxin contamination entering the food supply through post-harvest infection is of perennial concern to food safety experts. To explore the distribution of Penicillium expansum and diffusion of its my...The danger of mycotoxin contamination entering the food supply through post-harvest infection is of perennial concern to food safety experts. To explore the distribution of Penicillium expansum and diffusion of its mycotoxin, patulin, in blue mold-damaged pears, Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Yali obtained from markets and orchards in China were artificially inoculated with P. expansum and assayed for patulin accumulation and degree of fungal colonization. The inoculated pears were incubated until the lesions were 5, 10, 20, or 30 mm in diameter. We sampled tissue at a range of distances from the lesion, measured the spread of Penicillium by plate colony-counting methods, and used UHPLC-MS/MS to detect and quantify the patulin concentration. More P. expansum colony-forming units were isolated from pears with a higher degree of decay. Farther from the lesion, the fewer P. expansum colonies were observed, and the lower the patulin content detected. We found a significant difference in the patulin content between samples due to lesion size, and also in tissue sampled 10 mm away from the lesion. In consideration of this finding, to ensure food safety, we recommend that when a blue mold rot lesion on pear is 5, 10, or 20 mm in diameter, 20, 30, and 40 mm beyond the lesion should be removed, respectively. If a lesion surpasses 30 mm in diameter, the whole pear should be thrown away.展开更多
【目的】评估7种新烟碱类杀虫剂制剂对七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata的毒性和生态风险,为科学使用新烟碱类杀虫剂和保护七星瓢虫提供参考。【方法】采用试管药膜法,在室内测定了10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂(WP)、40%啶虫脒可溶粉剂(SP)、...【目的】评估7种新烟碱类杀虫剂制剂对七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata的毒性和生态风险,为科学使用新烟碱类杀虫剂和保护七星瓢虫提供参考。【方法】采用试管药膜法,在室内测定了10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂(WP)、40%啶虫脒可溶粉剂(SP)、50%呋虫胺可湿性粉剂(WP)、50%噻虫胺水分散粒剂(WG)、40%氯噻啉水分散粒剂(WG)、17%氟吡呋喃酮可溶液剂(SL)和25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂(WG)7种新烟碱杀虫剂制剂对七星瓢虫2龄幼虫的急性毒性,并进行了生态风险评估。将7种杀虫剂分别用生产田间最大推荐用量配制成溶液,在温室内采用盆栽法实施喷雾,调查七星瓢虫幼虫的存活率。【结果】室内实验结果表明,7种新烟碱类杀虫剂对七星瓢虫2龄幼虫的急性毒性由高到低依次为:40%啶虫脒SP>40%氯噻啉WG>10%吡虫啉WP>50%呋虫胺WP>50%噻虫胺WG>25%噻虫嗪WG>17%氟吡呋喃酮SL。盆栽试验表明,在田间最大推荐用量下,施药后7 d时的七星瓢虫幼虫存活率为10.00%~77.50%,其中施用25%噻虫嗪WG的处理中幼虫存活率最高,施用40%氯噻啉WG的处理中幼虫存活率最低。风险评估结果表明,在单次用药下,除40%啶虫脒SP的农田内危害熵值(hazard quotient in field,HQ_(in))大于5,风险不可接受,其他药剂的HQ_(in)均小于5,风险均可接受;7种杀虫剂对七星瓢虫的农田外农作物或蔬菜田场景危害熵值(hazard quotient off crop or vegetable,HQ_(off crop or vegetable))和农田外果园场景危害熵值(hazard quotient off fruit tree,HQ_(off fruit tree))均大于5,风险均可接受。间隔7 d再次用药后,40%啶虫脒SP和50%呋虫胺WP的HQ in大于5,风险不可接受,其他5种药剂的HQ in均小于5,风险可接受;而除了40%啶虫脒SP外,其他药剂对七星瓢虫的HQ_(off crop or vegetable)和HQ_(off fruit tree)均小于5,风险均可接受。【结论】为避免对七星瓢虫造成危害,建议在生产上啶虫脒和呋虫胺不要连续使用两次,应轮换使用药剂。展开更多
Pesticides, which have the dual characteristics of being both helpful and harmful, are important materials for ensuring food security and human health. Therefore, the rational development, scientific application, and ...Pesticides, which have the dual characteristics of being both helpful and harmful, are important materials for ensuring food security and human health. Therefore, the rational development, scientific application, and effective control of pesticides are very important. In this paper, from the perspectives of pesticide discovery, formulation processing, application mode, residue monitoring, and pollution elimination and prediction, trends in the research progress and development of pesticides in China were systematically summarized to provide an important reference for the development of pesticides with high efficiency and low risk and for the reduction of pesticide application.展开更多
This paper reviewed management of pesticide residues in China including laws and regulations, the supervision system, the standard system, and the quality and safety of agricultural products. The process of establishm...This paper reviewed management of pesticide residues in China including laws and regulations, the supervision system, the standard system, and the quality and safety of agricultural products. The process of establishment and internationalization of standards for pesticide residues were also discussed. Results indicate that the progress of the management of pesticide residues has been steadily made in China. However, the following aspects which refer to updates to regulations, supervising efficiency, standard system, risk assessment, international cooperation and communication, should be further improved. China should draw lessons from international experience, and then establish its own management system, which focuses on pesticides controls by strictly following relevant laws and technical standards to ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products.展开更多
2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3（4H）-one （DIMBOA）, the dominant benzoxazinoid hydroxamic acid in maize （Zea Mays L.）, serves as important factors of resistance against insects and microbial diseases, ...2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3（4H）-one （DIMBOA）, the dominant benzoxazinoid hydroxamic acid in maize （Zea Mays L.）, serves as important factors of resistance against insects and microbial diseases, allelochemicals used in competition with other plants. In this paper, a novel and simple method for the isolation and purification of DIMBOA from maize seedlings was developed. Frozen shoots from 7-d-old maize seedlings （1 000×g） were firstly defrosted and then were directly homogenized and extracted with ethyl acetate. The macerate was allowed to stand at room temperature （25±2）°C for 1 h to allow enzymatic release of DIMBOA from DIMBOA-glucoside. Then the ethyl acetate phase was filtered, dried and evaporated to dryness. The resulting light-tan, semicrystalline residue was stored at -20°C for 24 h. Upon recrystallization from acetone-hexane, a relative higher yield （0.58 g） of pure DIMBOA crystals was obtained compared with the yield afforded by Woodward methodology （0.26 g）.展开更多
To discover the fate of fluazinam after its application in pepper field, an efficient residual analytical method for determining fluazinam in pepper and soil was developed. The samples were extracted by acetone, clean...To discover the fate of fluazinam after its application in pepper field, an efficient residual analytical method for determining fluazinam in pepper and soil was developed. The samples were extracted by acetone, cleaned up by solid-phase extraction （SPE） florisil cartridge, and determined by gas chromatography with electronic capture detector （ECD）. The recoveries ranged from 80 to 94.6%, with repeatability relative standard deviation ≤9.3% at spiking levels of 0.1-1 mg kg^-1. The residue dynamics of fluazinam in pepper and soil were studied in a field plot. The experiment data showed that the halflives of fluazinam in peppers and soils were 2.5-3.7 days and 1.2-4.2 days, respectively. When the pepper was treated by fluazinam 50% suspension concentrate （SC） at 495 g ha^-1 4 times at 7-day intervals, the fluazinam in pepper on the 7th day after the last application was all below 0.06 mg kg^-1, which was below the maximum residue limit （MRL） fixed in Korea （0.3 mg kg^-1）. It is implied that fluazinam in pepper is nonpersistent. The results suggested that fluazinam 50% SC should be used in a pepper field at most for 4 times, and the pre-harvest interval should be 7 days.展开更多
The aim of this work was to assess the effect of applying three different doses of fluxapyroxad on microbial activity, community structure and functional diversity as measured by respiration, microbial biomass C, phos...The aim of this work was to assess the effect of applying three different doses of fluxapyroxad on microbial activity, community structure and functional diversity as measured by respiration, microbial biomass C, phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） and community-level physiological profiles （CLPPs）. Our results demonstrated that substrate-induced respiration （on day 15） and microbial biomass C （on days 7 and 15） were inhibited by fiuxapyroxad, but stimulation was observed thereafter. In contrast, fluxapyroxad addition increased the basal respiration and metabolic quotients （qCO2） and respiratory quotients （QR）. Analysis of the PLFA profiles revealed that the total and bacterial biomass （both Gram-positive bacteria （GP） and Gram-negative bacteria （GN）） were decreased within the initial 15 days, whereas those as well as the GN/GP ratio were increased at days 30 and 60. Fluxapyroxad input decreased the fungi biomass but increased the bacteria/fungi ratio at all incubation time. Moreover, high fluxapyroxad input （75 mg fluxapyroxad kg-1 soil dry weight） increased the microbial stress level. A principal component analysis （PCA） of the PLFAs revealed that fluxapyroxad treatment significantly shifted the microbial community structure, but all of the observed effects were transient. Biolog results showed that average well color development （AWCD） and functional diversity index （H′） were increased only on day 60. In addition, the dissipation of fluxa- pyroxad was slow in soil, and the degradation half-lives varied from 158 to 385 days depending on the concentration tested.展开更多
基金supported by the Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products of China (GJFP 2015014)
文摘The danger of mycotoxin contamination entering the food supply through post-harvest infection is of perennial concern to food safety experts. To explore the distribution of Penicillium expansum and diffusion of its mycotoxin, patulin, in blue mold-damaged pears, Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Yali obtained from markets and orchards in China were artificially inoculated with P. expansum and assayed for patulin accumulation and degree of fungal colonization. The inoculated pears were incubated until the lesions were 5, 10, 20, or 30 mm in diameter. We sampled tissue at a range of distances from the lesion, measured the spread of Penicillium by plate colony-counting methods, and used UHPLC-MS/MS to detect and quantify the patulin concentration. More P. expansum colony-forming units were isolated from pears with a higher degree of decay. Farther from the lesion, the fewer P. expansum colonies were observed, and the lower the patulin content detected. We found a significant difference in the patulin content between samples due to lesion size, and also in tissue sampled 10 mm away from the lesion. In consideration of this finding, to ensure food safety, we recommend that when a blue mold rot lesion on pear is 5, 10, or 20 mm in diameter, 20, 30, and 40 mm beyond the lesion should be removed, respectively. If a lesion surpasses 30 mm in diameter, the whole pear should be thrown away.
文摘【目的】评估7种新烟碱类杀虫剂制剂对七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata的毒性和生态风险,为科学使用新烟碱类杀虫剂和保护七星瓢虫提供参考。【方法】采用试管药膜法,在室内测定了10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂(WP)、40%啶虫脒可溶粉剂(SP)、50%呋虫胺可湿性粉剂(WP)、50%噻虫胺水分散粒剂(WG)、40%氯噻啉水分散粒剂(WG)、17%氟吡呋喃酮可溶液剂(SL)和25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂(WG)7种新烟碱杀虫剂制剂对七星瓢虫2龄幼虫的急性毒性,并进行了生态风险评估。将7种杀虫剂分别用生产田间最大推荐用量配制成溶液,在温室内采用盆栽法实施喷雾,调查七星瓢虫幼虫的存活率。【结果】室内实验结果表明,7种新烟碱类杀虫剂对七星瓢虫2龄幼虫的急性毒性由高到低依次为:40%啶虫脒SP>40%氯噻啉WG>10%吡虫啉WP>50%呋虫胺WP>50%噻虫胺WG>25%噻虫嗪WG>17%氟吡呋喃酮SL。盆栽试验表明,在田间最大推荐用量下,施药后7 d时的七星瓢虫幼虫存活率为10.00%~77.50%,其中施用25%噻虫嗪WG的处理中幼虫存活率最高,施用40%氯噻啉WG的处理中幼虫存活率最低。风险评估结果表明,在单次用药下,除40%啶虫脒SP的农田内危害熵值(hazard quotient in field,HQ_(in))大于5,风险不可接受,其他药剂的HQ_(in)均小于5,风险均可接受;7种杀虫剂对七星瓢虫的农田外农作物或蔬菜田场景危害熵值(hazard quotient off crop or vegetable,HQ_(off crop or vegetable))和农田外果园场景危害熵值(hazard quotient off fruit tree,HQ_(off fruit tree))均大于5,风险均可接受。间隔7 d再次用药后,40%啶虫脒SP和50%呋虫胺WP的HQ in大于5,风险不可接受,其他5种药剂的HQ in均小于5,风险可接受;而除了40%啶虫脒SP外,其他药剂对七星瓢虫的HQ_(off crop or vegetable)和HQ_(off fruit tree)均小于5,风险均可接受。【结论】为避免对七星瓢虫造成危害,建议在生产上啶虫脒和呋虫胺不要连续使用两次,应轮换使用药剂。
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0200204)
文摘Pesticides, which have the dual characteristics of being both helpful and harmful, are important materials for ensuring food security and human health. Therefore, the rational development, scientific application, and effective control of pesticides are very important. In this paper, from the perspectives of pesticide discovery, formulation processing, application mode, residue monitoring, and pollution elimination and prediction, trends in the research progress and development of pesticides in China were systematically summarized to provide an important reference for the development of pesticides with high efficiency and low risk and for the reduction of pesticide application.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31371970)
文摘This paper reviewed management of pesticide residues in China including laws and regulations, the supervision system, the standard system, and the quality and safety of agricultural products. The process of establishment and internationalization of standards for pesticide residues were also discussed. Results indicate that the progress of the management of pesticide residues has been steadily made in China. However, the following aspects which refer to updates to regulations, supervising efficiency, standard system, risk assessment, international cooperation and communication, should be further improved. China should draw lessons from international experience, and then establish its own management system, which focuses on pesticides controls by strictly following relevant laws and technical standards to ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30900951)
文摘2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3（4H）-one （DIMBOA）, the dominant benzoxazinoid hydroxamic acid in maize （Zea Mays L.）, serves as important factors of resistance against insects and microbial diseases, allelochemicals used in competition with other plants. In this paper, a novel and simple method for the isolation and purification of DIMBOA from maize seedlings was developed. Frozen shoots from 7-d-old maize seedlings （1 000×g） were firstly defrosted and then were directly homogenized and extracted with ethyl acetate. The macerate was allowed to stand at room temperature （25±2）°C for 1 h to allow enzymatic release of DIMBOA from DIMBOA-glucoside. Then the ethyl acetate phase was filtered, dried and evaporated to dryness. The resulting light-tan, semicrystalline residue was stored at -20°C for 24 h. Upon recrystallization from acetone-hexane, a relative higher yield （0.58 g） of pure DIMBOA crystals was obtained compared with the yield afforded by Woodward methodology （0.26 g）.
文摘To discover the fate of fluazinam after its application in pepper field, an efficient residual analytical method for determining fluazinam in pepper and soil was developed. The samples were extracted by acetone, cleaned up by solid-phase extraction （SPE） florisil cartridge, and determined by gas chromatography with electronic capture detector （ECD）. The recoveries ranged from 80 to 94.6%, with repeatability relative standard deviation ≤9.3% at spiking levels of 0.1-1 mg kg^-1. The residue dynamics of fluazinam in pepper and soil were studied in a field plot. The experiment data showed that the halflives of fluazinam in peppers and soils were 2.5-3.7 days and 1.2-4.2 days, respectively. When the pepper was treated by fluazinam 50% suspension concentrate （SC） at 495 g ha^-1 4 times at 7-day intervals, the fluazinam in pepper on the 7th day after the last application was all below 0.06 mg kg^-1, which was below the maximum residue limit （MRL） fixed in Korea （0.3 mg kg^-1）. It is implied that fluazinam in pepper is nonpersistent. The results suggested that fluazinam 50% SC should be used in a pepper field at most for 4 times, and the pre-harvest interval should be 7 days.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31171879 and 31000863)the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest, China (201203098)
文摘The aim of this work was to assess the effect of applying three different doses of fluxapyroxad on microbial activity, community structure and functional diversity as measured by respiration, microbial biomass C, phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） and community-level physiological profiles （CLPPs）. Our results demonstrated that substrate-induced respiration （on day 15） and microbial biomass C （on days 7 and 15） were inhibited by fiuxapyroxad, but stimulation was observed thereafter. In contrast, fluxapyroxad addition increased the basal respiration and metabolic quotients （qCO2） and respiratory quotients （QR）. Analysis of the PLFA profiles revealed that the total and bacterial biomass （both Gram-positive bacteria （GP） and Gram-negative bacteria （GN）） were decreased within the initial 15 days, whereas those as well as the GN/GP ratio were increased at days 30 and 60. Fluxapyroxad input decreased the fungi biomass but increased the bacteria/fungi ratio at all incubation time. Moreover, high fluxapyroxad input （75 mg fluxapyroxad kg-1 soil dry weight） increased the microbial stress level. A principal component analysis （PCA） of the PLFAs revealed that fluxapyroxad treatment significantly shifted the microbial community structure, but all of the observed effects were transient. Biolog results showed that average well color development （AWCD） and functional diversity index （H′） were increased only on day 60. In addition, the dissipation of fluxa- pyroxad was slow in soil, and the degradation half-lives varied from 158 to 385 days depending on the concentration tested.
