An Evaluation on Smoking-induced Health Costs in China (1988-1989)

A study on smoking-attributable health economic costs in China was conducted from 1988-1992, in which three major categories of chronic diseases, diseases of cancer, diseases of circulatory system, and diseases of respiratory system were included. A prevalence-based method which estimated the cumulative effect of cigarette smoking during the past 20-30years was used. The results show that in 1989, the total smoking-attributable economic costs to health sectors in China were about 27.1 billion of Chinese Yuan, including about 7 billion Yuan in direct medical costs and 20 billion Yuan in indirect costs, which include indirect morbidity costs and indirect mortality costs. The relatively low direct costs reflected the low medical costs at hospitals in China at that time. And the high proportion of indirect costs relative to the total costs shows the high potential years of life lost due to clgarette smoking. The results also show the heavier health burden in urban areas than in rural areas, reflecting the worse situation in urban China at nowadays. But if considering that almost 80% of the Chinese are rural farmers with the higher smoking prevalence and relatively shorter history of manufactured cigarette smoking than their urban counterparts,the very frightful situation due to cigarette smoking would be for China in the next century

孔子隐忍观的认知与践行

面对礼坏乐崩的社会状况,孔子舍小我以匡扶正道,赋予其隐忍思想丰富的意蕴,至少有容忍、忍让、忍辱、克制、舍得等内涵。孔子不忍百姓在人心不仁、尔虞我诈中相互倾轧,力挽狂澜,这是其隐忍的原因。孔子的隐忍以知为前提,以求道目标,天命为对象,忍以礼为规范,上合天道,下显人情,具有重要的启示意义。

提高综放工作面采出率技术研究

以石港煤业15203综放工作面为背景,通过理论分析、数值模拟的方法,对比顶板解除支护前后顶板垮落情况,结果表明:解除支护前顶板初次垮落步距为15 m,解除支护后顶板初次垮落步距为8 m,两者相差7 m,结合15203工作面实际开采技术参数计算得出,解除支护后,15203工作面能提高煤炭产量6 498 t,对提高资源回收率有借鉴意义。