四川盆地典型农业区土壤中铜、钴、钼和锌的空间分异及其影响因素

为定量化分析地理因子对土壤中铜(Cu)、钴(Co)、钼(Mo)和锌(Zn)空间分异的影响,作者采集和测定了四川盆地长寿之乡江津区156件表土样品,综合运用数理统计、地统计和地理探测器等方法,分析表土中Cu、Co、Mo和Zn含量的空间分异特征及其驱动因子。表土中Cu、Co、Mo和Zn均值分别为27.0×10^(-6)、18.5×10^(-6)、0.4×10^(-6)和216.8×10^(-6),分别是中国土壤背景值的1.19倍、1.45倍、0.20倍和2.17倍。研究区表层土壤中Cu(36.6%)、Co(16.9%)、Mo(51.7%)和Zn(89.4%)变异系数都呈中等变异,但Zn和Mo的空间分布不均匀性更加显著。总体上,江津区表土中Cu、Co、Mo和Zn含量在北部相对较高,而南部地区相对较低。土壤中Fe和Mn及成土母岩和土壤类型分别是影响江津区表土中Cu、Co、Mo和Zn空间分异的主控驱动因子,但影响程度不一。总体上,Fe和Mn的独立及交互作用最高,对江津区表土中Cu、Co、Mo和Zn含量的空间分异起到重要作用。

安康南部大巴山区硒过剩土壤分布及来源研究

为了查明安康市南部大巴山区硒过剩土壤分布特征和来源,为安康富硒土壤安全、合理开发和规划打下基础,采集了研究区岩石、土壤样品,测定了硒含量,分析了岩石、土壤硒含量分布特征及其相互关系。结果表明:研究区土壤硒含量在0.00007~36.69 mg/kg,均值0.84 mg/kg,变幅大,呈现两条NW—SE向高硒区,高硒土壤面积占73.09%,硒过剩土壤以斑块、斑点状分布,面积占0.91%;岩石硒含量范围0.005~68.75 mg/kg,均值5.83 mg/kg,变幅大,处于深水沉积环境下的震旦系上统灯影组和两期大规模海侵阶段的寒武系下统鲁家坪组和志留系下统斑鸠关组岩石硒含量均值明显高于其他岩组,板岩、硅质岩、白云岩、正长斑岩硒含量较高,尤其黄铁矿和石煤硒含量更高;岩石、土壤硒含量表现出强烈的正相关性。硒过剩土壤以斑块、斑点状分布于紫阳县双安镇、汉王镇、焕古镇、洞河镇、蒿坪镇、瓦庙镇、麻柳镇、毛坝镇、高滩镇、界岭镇,岚皋县佐龙镇、城关镇,镇坪县城关镇。土壤硒主要来源于岩石,震旦系上统灯影组含硒量高的碳质板岩,寒武系下统鲁家坪组含硒量高的黄铁矿、含碳板岩、碳质板岩、硅质板岩、含碳硅质岩、硅质岩和志留系下统斑鸠关组硒量高的石煤、含碳板岩、含碳硅质板岩是硒过剩土壤的主要来源。

离子选择电极法测定天然水中氯离子含量

天然水中常量元素氯的含量与人类身体健康密切相关,快速、准确地测定水中氯含量具有重要意义。目前,实验室测定天然水中氯离子的方法为国标法GB/T 11896—1989《水质氯化物的测定基本信息硝酸银滴定法》。该方法通过硝酸银滴定法测定水中氯离子。由于硝酸银滴定法依靠指示剂颜色的变化来判断滴定终点,容易造成较大检测误差。因此,为了快速、准确地测定天然水中氯离子含量,本文建立了离子选择电极法。该方法首先配制100 mg/L的氯化钠(NaCl)标准溶液,然后分别取0.5 m L、2.5 mL、5.0 m L标准溶液用以绘制标准曲线,实现天然水中氯离子的定量检测。该方法对天然水中氯离子的检测限为5.2 mg/L,测得氯离子标准溶液回收率为91.7%～101%,相对标准偏差范围为4.5%～6.4%。该方法可以准确测定天然水中的氯离子含量,且较国标法具有定量准确、操作简单、快速等优点,并且可以满足天然水中氯离子含量的测定。

The Trace Element Distribution Patterns of Ediacaran-Early Cambrian Black Shales and the Origin of Selenium in the Guangning Area, Western Guangdong Province, South China

The Ediacaran and early Cambrian black shales are widespread across the South China Craton （Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks）. However, the trace element distribution patterns of the Ediacaran and early Cambrian black shales in the Cathaysia Block are still unclear. In this study, thirty- four black shale samples in the Lechangxia Group （Ediacaran） and thirteen black shale samples in the lower Bacun Group （early Cambrian） from Guangning area, western Guangdong Province, South China, were analyzed for major and trace elements concentrations. Compared to the upper continental crust, the Ediacaran black shales exhibit strongly enriched Se, Ga, and As with enrichment factor values （EF） higher than 10, significantly enrichedBi and Rb （10〉EF〉5）, weakly enriched Mo, Ba, Cs, V, In, Be, TI, and Th （5〉EF〉2）, normal U, Cr, Cd, Sc, Pb, Cu, and Li （2〉EF〉0.5）, and depleted Ni, Zn, Sr, and Co. Early Cambrian black shales display strongly enriched Se, Ga, and As, significantly enriched Ba, Bi, and Rb, weakly enriched Mo, Cs, Cd, V, U, Be, In, and TI, normal Sc, Th, Cr, Li, Cu, Ni, and Pb and depleted Co, Zn, and Sr. Moreover, Se is the most enriched trace element in the Ediacaran and early Cambrian black shales： concentrations vary from 0.25 to 30.09 ppm and 0.54 to 5.01 ppm, and averaging 4.84 and 1.72 ppm, with average EF values of 96.87 and 34.32, for the Ediacaran and early Cambrian shales respectively. The average concentration of Se in the Ediacaran black shales is 2.8 times higher than that of early Cambrian black shales. Se contents in the Ediacaran and early Cambrian black shales exhibit significant variation （P = 0.03）. Provenance analysis showed that Se contents of both the Ediacaran and early Cambrian black shales were without detrital provenance and volcanoclastic sources, hut of hydrothermal origin. The deep sources of Se and the presence of pyrite may explain the higher Se contents in the Ediacaran black shales. Similar with the Se-rich characteristics of the contemporaneous black shales in the south Qingling Mountain and Yangtze block, the Ediacaran and early Cambrian black shales in Guangning area, Cathaysia, are also enriched in Se, which may provide a clue for looking for the selenium-rich resources in western Guangdong Province.

Arsenic Distribution Pattern in Different Sources of Drinking Water and their Geological Background in Guanzhong Basin, Shaanxi, China

To study arsenic （As） content and distribution patterns as well as the genesis of different kinds of water,especially the different sources of drinking water in Guanzhong Basin,Shaanxi province,China,139 water samples were collected at 62 sampling points from wells of different depths,from hot springs,and rivers.The As content of these samples was measured by the intermittent flowhydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry method （HG-AFS）.The As concentrations in the drinking water in Guanzhong Basin vary greatly （0.00-68.08 tg/L）,and the As concentration of groundwater in southern Guanzhong Basin is different from that in the northern Guanzhong Basin.Even within the same location in southern Guanzhong Basin,the As concentrations at different depths vary greatly.As concentration of groundwater from the shallow wells （〈50 m deep,0.56-3.87 μg/L） is much lower than from deep wells （110-360 m deep,19.34-62.91 μg/L）,whereas As concentration in water of any depth in northern Guanzhong Basin is 〈10 μg/L.Southern Guanzhong Basin is a newly discovered high-As groundwater area in China.The high-As groundwater is mainly distributed in areas between the Qinling Mountains and Weihe River; it has only been found at depths ranging from 110 to 360 m in confined aquifers,which store water in the Lishi and Wucheng Loess （Lower and Middle Pleistocene） in the southern Guanzhong Basin.As concentration of hot spring water is 6.47-11.94 μg/L; that of geothermal water between 1000 and 1500 m deep is 43.68-68.08 μg/L.The high-As well water at depths from 110 to 360 m in southern Guanzhong Basin has a very low fluorine （F） value,which is generally 〈0.10 mg/L.Otherwise,the hot springs of Lintong and Tangyu and the geothermal water in southern Guanzhong Basin have very high F values （8.07-14.96 mg/L）.The results indicate that high As groundwater in depths from 110 to 360 m is unlikely to have a direct relationship with the geothermal water in the same area.As concentration of all reservoirs and rivers （both contaminated and uncontaminated） in the Guanzhong Basin is 〈10 μg/L.This shows that pollution in the surface water is not the source of the high-As in the southern Guanzhong Basin.The partition boundaries of the high-and low-As groundwater area corresponds to the partition boundaries of the tectonic units in the Guanzhong Basin.This probably indicates that the high-As groundwater areas can be correlated to their geological underpinning and structural framework.In southern Guanzhong Basin,the main sources of drinking water for villages and small towns today are wells between 110-360 m deep.All of their As contents exceed the limit of the Chinese National Standard and the International Standard （〉10 μg/L） and so local residents should use other sources of clean water that are 〈50 m deep,instead of deep groundwater （110 to 360 m） for their drinking water supply.

Fluorine emission from combustion of steam coal of North China Plate and Northwest China

To study the amount of fluorine emission from the combustion of the steam coal (mainly Permo-Carbonif-erous coal) from the North China Plate and Northwest China, the fluorine contents of the coal, the fly ash and the cinder in high-temperature power stations as well as mid-low temperature power stations have been analyzed. This note provides a rough estimate of the total annual amount of fluorine emission as well as emission ratio from steam coal combustion in China. Our results show that by combustion of 1 t of Permo-Carboniferous coal (containing roughly 100 g fluorine), high-temperature power stations emit roughly 90 g fluorine into the atmosphere. The fluorine emission ratio of coal combustion in high-temperature power stations is about 96% and that in mid-low temperature power stations is about 78%. A total of 800 million tons of coal is burnt in China every year, and the coal comes mainly from Permo-Carboniferous deposite in the North China Plate and Northwest China coal mines. Taking the average

重庆市江津区表层土壤中稀土元素含量与分布特征

为研究重庆市江津区表层土壤中稀土元素(REE)含量和空间分布特征,采集156件土壤样品,用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定其稀土元素含量。采用统计学和地质统计学分析了表层土壤中稀土元素含量和空间分布特征,结果表明:江津区表层土壤中REE含量范围为99.06~222.28μg·g^-1,平均值149.07μg·g^-1,低于中国土壤REE背景值(163.86μg·g-1)。江津区表层土壤的球粒陨石标准化曲线呈现向右倾斜的轻稀土富集型。δEu和δCe平均值分别为0.57和0.91,表现出明显的Eu负异常和微弱的Ce负异常。不同地质时代地层上覆表层土壤中REE含量具有显著差异性(p=0.035<0.05),下白垩统窝头山组(K1w)和侏罗系(J)地层上覆表层土壤中稀土元素含量高于三叠系(T)地层。江津区中西部地区表层土壤中稀土元素总量较高。

Hydrochemical characteristics and element contents of natural waters in Tibet, China

Sixty water samples （35 groundwater samples, 22 surface water samples and three hot-spring water samples） were collected at 36 points from villages and towns in Lhasa city, Nagchu （Nagqu） prefecture, Ali （Ngari） prefecture and Shigatse （Xigaze） prefecture （Tibet） in 2013 to study the hydrochemical characteristics and element contents of natural waters. The concentrations of elements were determined in the water samples and compared with the concentrations in water samples from other regions, such as southeast Qinghai, south Xinjiang, east Sichuan and west Tibet. The hydrochemical species in different areas were also studied. Water in most parts of Tibet reaches the requirements of the Chinese national standard and the World Health Organization international standard. The pH values of the water samples ranged from 6.75 to 8.21 and the value for the mean total dissolved solids was 225.54 mg/L. The concentration of arsenic in water from Ali prefecture exceeded the limit of both the Chinese national standard and the international standard and the concentration of fluoride in water from Shuanghu exceeded the limit of both the Chinese national standard and the international standard. The main hydrochemical species in water of Tibet is Ca （HCO3）2. From south to north, the main cation in water changes from Ca^2＋ to Na^＋, whereas the main anions in water change from HCO3^- to Cl^- and SO4^2-. The chemistry of river water and melt water from ice and snow is dominated by the rocks present at their source, whereas the chemistry of groundwater is affected by many factors. Tectonic divisions determine the con- centrations of the main elements in water and also affect the hydrochemical species present.

Distribution and enrichment patterns of selenium in the Ediacaran and early Cambrian strata in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China

The distribution and enrichment patterns of selenium(Se) in the E-?1 strata in the Yangtze Gorges area of South China were obtained. The geochemical characteristics of the significantly and non-significantly enriched strata of Se were analyzed.The observed enrichment factor(EF, relative to the upper continental crust) and concentration coefficient(CC, relative to the similar lithology in Eastern China) both suggest that Se is the most enriched/concentrated(SeEF=26.97, SeCC=48.04) among the analyzed23 trace elements the E-?1 strata. The normalized enrichment factor(EF′, EF after Al or Th normalized) shows Se is secondly enriched(SeEF′=218.73), which is slightly lower than cadmium(CdEF′=288.46) but significantly higher than the third enriched trace element arsenic(AsEF′=97.49). Se concentrations in the E-?1 strata vary from <10.5 to 30.08 ppm with an arithmetic mean value of 1.35 ppm. Compared to the Nantuo Formation, Se increased 11.78 times in the whole E-?1 strata and the average EF values are displayed as Shuijingtuo(92.58)>Yanjiahe(54.45)>Doushantuo(24.72)>Dengying(2.48)>Shipai(1.95)>lower Tianheban(1.24)Formations. Se concentrations in the E-?1 strata are best displayed on natural logarithm normal quantile-quantile(Q-Q) plots and shown as a positive-skewed distribution pattern. The Se significantly enriched(EF>10) strata sequences mainly include the lower and upper Doushantuo member II(DST-II), top DST-III, DST-IV, the basal and upper Yanjiahe Formation, and lower and upper Shuijingtuo Formation. Geochemical characteristics indicate that Se concentrations in the significantly enriched strata were generally influenced by terrigenous detrital as well as the combined action of single or multiple factors, such as hydrotherm,volcanic debris and deep source. Moreover, pyrite and organic matter promoted the enrichment of Se in the upper DST-II, DST-IV,upper Shuijingtuo Formation and lower DST-II, upper Shuijingtuo Formation, respectively. The Se concentrations in the not significantly enriched strata(except for DST-I, middle Shuijingtuo Formation, Shipai Formation and lower Tianheban Formation)were also influenced by terrigenous detrital, but other enrichment activities(e.g., hydrothermal, volcanic debris, and deep source)were generally insignificant.