Temporally irregular rainfall distribution and inefficient rainwater management create severe constraints on crop production in rainfed semiarid areas. Gravel and plastic film mulching are effective methods for improv...Temporally irregular rainfall distribution and inefficient rainwater management create severe constraints on crop production in rainfed semiarid areas. Gravel and plastic film mulching are effective methods for improving agricultural productivity and water utilization. However, the effects of these mulching practices on soil water supply and plant water use associated with crop yield are not well understood. A 3-yr study was conducted to analyze the occurrence and distribution of dry spells in a semiarid region of Northwest China and to evaluate the effects of non-mulching （CK）, gravel mulching （GM） and plastic film mulching （FM） on the soil water supply, plant water use and maize （Zea mays L.） grain yield. Rainfall analysis showed that dry spells of ≥5 days occurred frequently in each of 3 yr, accounting for 59.9-69.2% of the maize growing periods. The 〉15-d dry spells during the jointing stage would expose maize plants to particularly severe water stress. Compared with the CK treatment, both the GM and FM treatments markedly increased soil water storage during the early growing season. In general, the total evapotranspiration （ET） was not significantly different among the three treatments, but the mulched treatments significantly increased the ratio of pre- to post-silking ET, which was closely associated with yield improvement. As a result, the grain yield significantly increased by 17.1, 70.3 and 16.7% for the GM treatment and by 28.3, 87.6 and 38.2% for the FM treatment in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively, compared with the CK treatment. It＇s concluded that both GM and FM are effective strategies for mitigating the impacts of water deficit and improving maize production in semiarid areas. However. FM is more effective than GM.展开更多
目的:通过检测复合杂合突变导致遗传性凝血因子Ⅴ(FⅤ)缺陷家系的表型和基因突变分析,探讨其分子发病机制。方法:检测先证者及其家系成员(共3代10人)血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、FⅤ促凝活性(...目的:通过检测复合杂合突变导致遗传性凝血因子Ⅴ(FⅤ)缺陷家系的表型和基因突变分析,探讨其分子发病机制。方法:检测先证者及其家系成员(共3代10人)血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、FⅤ促凝活性(FⅤ∶C)、FⅤ抗原(FⅤ∶Ag)及其他相关凝血指标以明确诊断。采用DNA直接测序分析F5基因的所有外显子、侧翼、5'和3'非翻译区及家系成员相应的突变位点区域,发现突变位点用反向测序证实。使用ClustalX-2.1-win软件分析突变氨基酸的保守性,PROVEAN和MutationTaster在线生物信息学软件预测突变对蛋白质功能的影响,Swiss-PdbViewer软件在突变位点上进行蛋白质模型和氨基酸相互作用分析。结果:先证者PT和APTT较正常对照健康体检者显著延长,分别为34.2 vs 13.2 s和119.3 vs 36.0 s;FⅤ∶C和FⅤ∶Ag极度降低,分别为3%和6%。先证者的第二子、第三子、女儿和孙子的PT和APTT略有延长,FⅤ∶C和FⅤ∶Ag均有不同程度的降低,其他家庭成员的相关凝血参数均在正常范围内。先证者6号外显子上存在c.911G>A杂合错义突变,导致p.Gly276Glu;16号外显子上存在c.5343C>G杂合错义突变,导致p.Ser1781Arg。其第二子、第三子和孙子均携带p.Gly276Glu的杂合子,其女儿携带p.Ser1781Arg的杂合子,其他家庭成员均为野生型。保守分析结果表明,Gly276和Ser1781在同源物种中高度保守。2种生物信息学软件的预测结果相同,PROVEAN(得分-6.214和-12.79)表明,该复合杂合突变是一种有害突变;MutationTaster(得分0.976和0.999)提示,这些突变可能引起相应疾病。p.Gly276Glu蛋白质模型分析显示,Glu侧链延长,分子量变大,这将增加它与周围氨基酸之间的空间位阻,影响FⅤ蛋白的正常局部折叠,最终导致蛋白质活性和含量降低。由于尚无16号外显子FⅤ的X射线3D结构文件,本研究无法对p.Ser1781Arg突变蛋白进行空间结构分析。结论:在本研究中鉴定的新型复合杂合突变(p.Gly276Glu和p.Ser1781Arg)是该家系FⅤ水平下降的主要原因,其中p.Ser1781Arg国内外鲜见报道。展开更多
【目的】秸秆与生物炭施用会显著影响土壤酶活性,而不同粒径土壤团聚体微域环境的变化,可能减弱或延缓酶的响应强度,因此探讨土壤团聚体内酶活性对秸秆与生物炭施用的响应十分必要。【方法】依托设置在东北黑土已开展五年的田间定位试验...【目的】秸秆与生物炭施用会显著影响土壤酶活性,而不同粒径土壤团聚体微域环境的变化,可能减弱或延缓酶的响应强度,因此探讨土壤团聚体内酶活性对秸秆与生物炭施用的响应十分必要。【方法】依托设置在东北黑土已开展五年的田间定位试验,探究每年秸秆还田(SR,5 t hm^(-2))和单次施用生物炭(BR,30 t hm^(-2))以及二者联合(BS,5t hm^(-2)+30 t hm^(-2))对不同粒径土壤团聚体内碳、氮、磷循环相关酶活性的影响。【结果】与对照相比,SR显著提高各粒径团聚体中多酚氧化酶和β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶活性,平均增幅达33.4%和25.6%;而BR则显著提高了>2 mm、<0.25mm粒径中多酚氧化酶活性及0.25~2 mm粒径中β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶活性,平均增幅分别为30.2%、67.4%和44.4%。在氮循环相关酶方面,BR、SR和BS处理均显著增加>2 mm、<0.25 mm粒径中的氧化亚氮还原酶活性,0.25~2 mm粒径中的硝酸盐还原酶、亚硝酸盐还原酶、一氧化氮还原酶活性;SR显著提高了<0.25 mm粒径中N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性,增幅达35.5%,而BR则显著提高了0.25~2 mm粒径中N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性,增幅达42.0%。【结论】在本试验条件下,以16种酶活性的几何平均数作为酶的综合活性指标发现,秸秆还田显著提高各粒径土壤团聚体中酶活性的几何平均数;而生物炭则显著增加微团聚体中酶活性的几何平均数,却降低了大团聚体中酶活性的几何平均数。因此,从土壤酶活性角度考虑,在东北黑土中,秸秆还田更能促进土壤生物肥力的提高。展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31270553)the National Basic Research Program of China (2009CB118604)the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest of China (201103003)
文摘Temporally irregular rainfall distribution and inefficient rainwater management create severe constraints on crop production in rainfed semiarid areas. Gravel and plastic film mulching are effective methods for improving agricultural productivity and water utilization. However, the effects of these mulching practices on soil water supply and plant water use associated with crop yield are not well understood. A 3-yr study was conducted to analyze the occurrence and distribution of dry spells in a semiarid region of Northwest China and to evaluate the effects of non-mulching （CK）, gravel mulching （GM） and plastic film mulching （FM） on the soil water supply, plant water use and maize （Zea mays L.） grain yield. Rainfall analysis showed that dry spells of ≥5 days occurred frequently in each of 3 yr, accounting for 59.9-69.2% of the maize growing periods. The 〉15-d dry spells during the jointing stage would expose maize plants to particularly severe water stress. Compared with the CK treatment, both the GM and FM treatments markedly increased soil water storage during the early growing season. In general, the total evapotranspiration （ET） was not significantly different among the three treatments, but the mulched treatments significantly increased the ratio of pre- to post-silking ET, which was closely associated with yield improvement. As a result, the grain yield significantly increased by 17.1, 70.3 and 16.7% for the GM treatment and by 28.3, 87.6 and 38.2% for the FM treatment in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively, compared with the CK treatment. It＇s concluded that both GM and FM are effective strategies for mitigating the impacts of water deficit and improving maize production in semiarid areas. However. FM is more effective than GM.
文摘目的:通过检测复合杂合突变导致遗传性凝血因子Ⅴ(FⅤ)缺陷家系的表型和基因突变分析,探讨其分子发病机制。方法:检测先证者及其家系成员(共3代10人)血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、FⅤ促凝活性(FⅤ∶C)、FⅤ抗原(FⅤ∶Ag)及其他相关凝血指标以明确诊断。采用DNA直接测序分析F5基因的所有外显子、侧翼、5'和3'非翻译区及家系成员相应的突变位点区域,发现突变位点用反向测序证实。使用ClustalX-2.1-win软件分析突变氨基酸的保守性,PROVEAN和MutationTaster在线生物信息学软件预测突变对蛋白质功能的影响,Swiss-PdbViewer软件在突变位点上进行蛋白质模型和氨基酸相互作用分析。结果:先证者PT和APTT较正常对照健康体检者显著延长,分别为34.2 vs 13.2 s和119.3 vs 36.0 s;FⅤ∶C和FⅤ∶Ag极度降低,分别为3%和6%。先证者的第二子、第三子、女儿和孙子的PT和APTT略有延长,FⅤ∶C和FⅤ∶Ag均有不同程度的降低,其他家庭成员的相关凝血参数均在正常范围内。先证者6号外显子上存在c.911G>A杂合错义突变,导致p.Gly276Glu;16号外显子上存在c.5343C>G杂合错义突变,导致p.Ser1781Arg。其第二子、第三子和孙子均携带p.Gly276Glu的杂合子,其女儿携带p.Ser1781Arg的杂合子,其他家庭成员均为野生型。保守分析结果表明,Gly276和Ser1781在同源物种中高度保守。2种生物信息学软件的预测结果相同,PROVEAN(得分-6.214和-12.79)表明,该复合杂合突变是一种有害突变;MutationTaster(得分0.976和0.999)提示,这些突变可能引起相应疾病。p.Gly276Glu蛋白质模型分析显示,Glu侧链延长,分子量变大,这将增加它与周围氨基酸之间的空间位阻,影响FⅤ蛋白的正常局部折叠,最终导致蛋白质活性和含量降低。由于尚无16号外显子FⅤ的X射线3D结构文件,本研究无法对p.Ser1781Arg突变蛋白进行空间结构分析。结论:在本研究中鉴定的新型复合杂合突变(p.Gly276Glu和p.Ser1781Arg)是该家系FⅤ水平下降的主要原因,其中p.Ser1781Arg国内外鲜见报道。
文摘【目的】秸秆与生物炭施用会显著影响土壤酶活性,而不同粒径土壤团聚体微域环境的变化,可能减弱或延缓酶的响应强度,因此探讨土壤团聚体内酶活性对秸秆与生物炭施用的响应十分必要。【方法】依托设置在东北黑土已开展五年的田间定位试验,探究每年秸秆还田(SR,5 t hm^(-2))和单次施用生物炭(BR,30 t hm^(-2))以及二者联合(BS,5t hm^(-2)+30 t hm^(-2))对不同粒径土壤团聚体内碳、氮、磷循环相关酶活性的影响。【结果】与对照相比,SR显著提高各粒径团聚体中多酚氧化酶和β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶活性,平均增幅达33.4%和25.6%;而BR则显著提高了>2 mm、<0.25mm粒径中多酚氧化酶活性及0.25~2 mm粒径中β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶活性,平均增幅分别为30.2%、67.4%和44.4%。在氮循环相关酶方面,BR、SR和BS处理均显著增加>2 mm、<0.25 mm粒径中的氧化亚氮还原酶活性,0.25~2 mm粒径中的硝酸盐还原酶、亚硝酸盐还原酶、一氧化氮还原酶活性;SR显著提高了<0.25 mm粒径中N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性,增幅达35.5%,而BR则显著提高了0.25~2 mm粒径中N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性,增幅达42.0%。【结论】在本试验条件下,以16种酶活性的几何平均数作为酶的综合活性指标发现,秸秆还田显著提高各粒径土壤团聚体中酶活性的几何平均数;而生物炭则显著增加微团聚体中酶活性的几何平均数,却降低了大团聚体中酶活性的几何平均数。因此,从土壤酶活性角度考虑,在东北黑土中,秸秆还田更能促进土壤生物肥力的提高。
