Mixed farming of rice and millet is one of the basic agricultural modes in the upper and middle Huai River Valley(HRV). According to the latest data, this agricultural mode appeared during the middle and late Peiligan...Mixed farming of rice and millet is one of the basic agricultural modes in the upper and middle Huai River Valley(HRV). According to the latest data, this agricultural mode appeared during the middle and late Peiligang Culture(7.8–7.0 ka BP) in the upper HRV, and then became a common subsistence economy in the end of the Neolithic(5.0–4.0 ka BP) in both the upper and middle HRV. However, it is still not clear how this mixed farming developed in the upper HRV after its occurrence, nor are the regional differences in the development of mixed farming between the upper and middle HRV during the Neolithic completely understood. In this paper, flotation and starch analyses were conducted on samples from eight archaeological sites in the upper and middle HRV. The results indicate that the mixed farming of rice and millet first appeared in the later phase of the middle Neolithic in the regions of the Peiligang Culture, then developed quite rapidly in the late Neolithic(6.8–5.0 ka BP), finally becoming the main subsistence economy at the end of the Neolithic in the upper HRV. However, there are obvious differences in the emergence and development of agriculture between the middle and upper HRV. Rice farming was the only agricultural system during the middle Neolithic, lasting until the end of the Neolithic, when mixed farming appeared in the middle HRV. Furthermore, although mixed farming appeared in both the upper and middle HRV during the end of the Neolithic, the roles of rice, foxtail millet and broomcorn millet in the subsistence economy were not the same. In general, millet was more widely cultivated than rice in the upper HRV, but rice occupied the same or a slightly more prominent position in the middle HRV at the end of the Neolithic. These results are significant for understanding the process of agricultural development and transformation, as well as human adaptation to climatic and cultural variability duringthe Neolithic.展开更多
采用植硅体分析方法,对湖北荆门屈家岭遗址南部2015~2017年度主发掘区TN14W35探方内油子岭至石家河文化时期(5800~4200 a B.P.)的地层土样进行了系统取样分析,并重点对水稻扇型植硅体形态特征进行了研究.结果显示,遗址各文化时期土样中...采用植硅体分析方法,对湖北荆门屈家岭遗址南部2015~2017年度主发掘区TN14W35探方内油子岭至石家河文化时期(5800~4200 a B.P.)的地层土样进行了系统取样分析,并重点对水稻扇型植硅体形态特征进行了研究.结果显示,遗址各文化时期土样中均含有丰富的水稻(Oryza sativa)特征型植硅体,表明稻作农业在屈家岭遗址各阶段先民植物资源的开发利用中始终占据着主导地位.同时,实验还在油子岭和屈家岭文化地层发现粟(Setaria italica)、黍(Panicum miliaceum)植硅体,但从发现数量看,粟类作物在屈家岭遗址先民农作物利用结构中只占据极小的比重.论文通过对水稻扇型植硅体形态参数测量和鱼鳞状纹饰统计发现,屈家岭遗址的水稻遗存主要属于粳稻类型,且驯化程度在油子岭文化早期时期就已经达到现代栽培稻水平.本文研究揭示了屈家岭遗址先民的农业结构、水稻类型及驯化水平,为了解江汉平原汉水东部地区新石器时代晚期人类生业形式与水稻驯化水平等提供了重要科学依据.展开更多
The upper-middle Huai River valley(HRV) is located in the transition zone in the middle of eastern China. Previous studies have shown that the past populations in the upper HRV obtained plant food through gathering an...The upper-middle Huai River valley(HRV) is located in the transition zone in the middle of eastern China. Previous studies have shown that the past populations in the upper HRV obtained plant food through gathering and cultivation of both rice and millet during the middle Neolithic. However, for the middle HRV it is not very clear what methods were used by humans to obtain plant food in that time. In this paper, starch grain analysis was carried out on 17 stone tools and 29 cauldron pottery sherds unearthed at Shunshanji(8.5–7.0 kyr BP), which is known as the earliest Neolithic site in the middle HRV excavated so far. Here, ancient starches from Coix lacryma-jobi, Triticeae, Oryza sativa, Trichosanthes kirilowii and one unidentified specie were recovered. This study contributes to the limited knowledge of food strategies as observed in the middle HRV. It demonstrates that both gathering and cultivation of rice took place during the middle-Neolithic. Among the identified species, Coix lacryma-jobi appears to have been the main plant food at Shunshanji. Moreover, it is clear that Oryza sativa was not consumed as much as other plant species according to the occurrence frequency of different starch grains. Starch grains were also found on the used surfaces of grinding stone implements as well as pestles, which means that these stone tools were used for food processing. In addition, axes from Shunshanji may also have been used for food processing as well as wood working because starches were also found on the edge of axes. Information about subsistence strategies and tool use at Shunshanji will also be helpful to understanding the utilization of plants and agricultural development in the middle HRV during the early-middle Neolithic period.展开更多
黄淮西部地处我国南北方不同新石器文化与农业类型的过渡地带,由于缺乏相关植物考古资料,目前学术界对于该地区仰韶文化早中期的农业结构及其演变过程尚不甚清楚。本文对河南省长葛市石固遗址和项城市贾庄遗址仰韶文化地层和灰坑土样进...黄淮西部地处我国南北方不同新石器文化与农业类型的过渡地带,由于缺乏相关植物考古资料,目前学术界对于该地区仰韶文化早中期的农业结构及其演变过程尚不甚清楚。本文对河南省长葛市石固遗址和项城市贾庄遗址仰韶文化地层和灰坑土样进行了植硅体分析。结果显示,黄淮西北部的石固遗址仰韶文化早、中、晚三期(6398–5326 cal BP)样品中均存在丰富的黍(Panicum miliaceum)稃壳植硅体,同时兼有水稻(Oryza sativa)特征型植硅体以及粟(Setaria italica)稃壳植硅体。位于黄淮西南部的贾庄遗址仰韶文化早中期(6179–5745 cal BP)样品中同样发现较多黍稃壳植硅体以及粟稃壳及少量水稻的特征型植硅体。上述结果表明,黄淮西部在仰韶文化早期时已形成统一的以黍、粟为主的稻旱兼作农业模式,其中黄淮西北部延续了该地区裴李岗文化阶段以旱作为主的稻旱兼作的农业传统,而黄淮西南部则从贾湖文化时的单一稻作农业发展为稻旱兼作农业,且这一转变发生的时间不晚于距今6200年。此外,在6000 a BP前后,石固遗址农作物结构曾发生明显变化,表现为旱地作物黍、粟的比重显著上升。最后,两处遗址中发现的水稻植硅体均以水稻颖壳的双峰型植硅体为主,表明黄淮西部仰韶文化时水稻的收割方式应是以割穗为主。本研究为了解黄淮西部仰韶早中期农业结构及其演变过程以及农作物的收割方式等提供了新的资料。展开更多
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA05130503)National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2015CB953802)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41472148 & 41502164)the Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project of the Ministry of Education (Grant No. 15YJA780003)
文摘Mixed farming of rice and millet is one of the basic agricultural modes in the upper and middle Huai River Valley(HRV). According to the latest data, this agricultural mode appeared during the middle and late Peiligang Culture(7.8–7.0 ka BP) in the upper HRV, and then became a common subsistence economy in the end of the Neolithic(5.0–4.0 ka BP) in both the upper and middle HRV. However, it is still not clear how this mixed farming developed in the upper HRV after its occurrence, nor are the regional differences in the development of mixed farming between the upper and middle HRV during the Neolithic completely understood. In this paper, flotation and starch analyses were conducted on samples from eight archaeological sites in the upper and middle HRV. The results indicate that the mixed farming of rice and millet first appeared in the later phase of the middle Neolithic in the regions of the Peiligang Culture, then developed quite rapidly in the late Neolithic(6.8–5.0 ka BP), finally becoming the main subsistence economy at the end of the Neolithic in the upper HRV. However, there are obvious differences in the emergence and development of agriculture between the middle and upper HRV. Rice farming was the only agricultural system during the middle Neolithic, lasting until the end of the Neolithic, when mixed farming appeared in the middle HRV. Furthermore, although mixed farming appeared in both the upper and middle HRV during the end of the Neolithic, the roles of rice, foxtail millet and broomcorn millet in the subsistence economy were not the same. In general, millet was more widely cultivated than rice in the upper HRV, but rice occupied the same or a slightly more prominent position in the middle HRV at the end of the Neolithic. These results are significant for understanding the process of agricultural development and transformation, as well as human adaptation to climatic and cultural variability duringthe Neolithic.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA05130503)the Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project of the Ministry of Education (Grant No. 15YJA780003)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41472148, 41502164)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 201321101)
文摘The upper-middle Huai River valley(HRV) is located in the transition zone in the middle of eastern China. Previous studies have shown that the past populations in the upper HRV obtained plant food through gathering and cultivation of both rice and millet during the middle Neolithic. However, for the middle HRV it is not very clear what methods were used by humans to obtain plant food in that time. In this paper, starch grain analysis was carried out on 17 stone tools and 29 cauldron pottery sherds unearthed at Shunshanji(8.5–7.0 kyr BP), which is known as the earliest Neolithic site in the middle HRV excavated so far. Here, ancient starches from Coix lacryma-jobi, Triticeae, Oryza sativa, Trichosanthes kirilowii and one unidentified specie were recovered. This study contributes to the limited knowledge of food strategies as observed in the middle HRV. It demonstrates that both gathering and cultivation of rice took place during the middle-Neolithic. Among the identified species, Coix lacryma-jobi appears to have been the main plant food at Shunshanji. Moreover, it is clear that Oryza sativa was not consumed as much as other plant species according to the occurrence frequency of different starch grains. Starch grains were also found on the used surfaces of grinding stone implements as well as pestles, which means that these stone tools were used for food processing. In addition, axes from Shunshanji may also have been used for food processing as well as wood working because starches were also found on the edge of axes. Information about subsistence strategies and tool use at Shunshanji will also be helpful to understanding the utilization of plants and agricultural development in the middle HRV during the early-middle Neolithic period.
文摘黄淮西部地处我国南北方不同新石器文化与农业类型的过渡地带,由于缺乏相关植物考古资料,目前学术界对于该地区仰韶文化早中期的农业结构及其演变过程尚不甚清楚。本文对河南省长葛市石固遗址和项城市贾庄遗址仰韶文化地层和灰坑土样进行了植硅体分析。结果显示,黄淮西北部的石固遗址仰韶文化早、中、晚三期(6398–5326 cal BP)样品中均存在丰富的黍(Panicum miliaceum)稃壳植硅体,同时兼有水稻(Oryza sativa)特征型植硅体以及粟(Setaria italica)稃壳植硅体。位于黄淮西南部的贾庄遗址仰韶文化早中期(6179–5745 cal BP)样品中同样发现较多黍稃壳植硅体以及粟稃壳及少量水稻的特征型植硅体。上述结果表明,黄淮西部在仰韶文化早期时已形成统一的以黍、粟为主的稻旱兼作农业模式,其中黄淮西北部延续了该地区裴李岗文化阶段以旱作为主的稻旱兼作的农业传统,而黄淮西南部则从贾湖文化时的单一稻作农业发展为稻旱兼作农业,且这一转变发生的时间不晚于距今6200年。此外,在6000 a BP前后,石固遗址农作物结构曾发生明显变化,表现为旱地作物黍、粟的比重显著上升。最后,两处遗址中发现的水稻植硅体均以水稻颖壳的双峰型植硅体为主,表明黄淮西部仰韶文化时水稻的收割方式应是以割穗为主。本研究为了解黄淮西部仰韶早中期农业结构及其演变过程以及农作物的收割方式等提供了新的资料。
