铜离子对海洋浮游动物褶皱臂尾轮虫的世代毒性效应

本文针对近岸海域铜离子污染严重,可能对海洋渔业资源重要饵料浮游动物褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)产生种群世代毒性效应的问题,通过连续多代暴露和净化实验,探究了铜对褶皱臂尾轮虫繁殖能力和生活史特征的影响。结果显示:同一世代,与空白对照相比,50μg·L^(-1)Cu^(2+)显著地降低了轮虫的产卵数和净生殖率;从F0到F1代,轮虫的产卵数、净生殖率和内禀增长率呈升高趋势,寿命和世代时间呈降低趋势,这可能是轮虫为保持最大拓殖能力的一种种群适应策略;从F1~F3代轮虫的产卵数、净生殖率、内禀增长率和寿命随暴露世代明显降低,世代时间呈上升趋势,轮虫的繁殖能力显著下降,其生活史特征发生明显改变,Cu^(2+)对轮虫产生了世代毒性和代际效应。但经过2~3代的净化后,Cu^(2+)对轮虫的不利影响逐渐消失,其繁殖潜力和生活史特征均恢复到污染前状态。该研究结果表明,对重金属污染严重的水域进行污染治理和生态修复将有助于受损浮游动物褶皱臂尾轮虫种群和渔业资源的恢复。

不同粒径商品聚乙烯微塑料对2种蔬菜种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响

陆地生态系统中微塑料(MPs)污染问题已成为全球关注的热点环境问题。MPs对土壤生物的影响表现出生态毒性和遗传毒性,但不同粒径MPs对典型农作物生长的影响有待深入研究。因此,本研究通过发芽实验和盆栽实验研究不同粒径(23μm、54μm和155μm)的聚乙烯MPs(PE-MPs)在不同污染浓度下(0.1%、0.5%、1%、2%和5%(m∶m))对西红柿(Lycopersicon esculentum)和辣椒(Capsicum annuumL.)种子发芽、幼苗生长及根系发育的影响。结果表明,3种粒径的PE-MPs对2种作物发芽的影响存在差异。对西红柿,不同粒径的PE-MPs在高浓度(5%)下均显著抑制了种子发芽,降低了种子活性,但并无显著的粒径差异。对辣椒而言,不同粒径的PE-MPs在5%的暴露浓度下均显著降低了辣椒种子活性,且23μm的PE-MPs抑制程度最大,但仅23μm和54μm的PE-MPs显著抑制了种子的发芽。盆栽实验表明,23μm的PE-MPs在5%的暴露浓度下显著抑制了西红柿和辣椒幼苗的生长,54μm和155μm的PE-MPs对其影响较小。此外,对根系发育而言,2%和5%浓度的23μm的PE-MPs暴露下,西红柿根系变得细长,但对辣椒根系无显著影响。PE-MPs对2种作物发芽的抑制效应可能是由于其在种子表皮和根毛上积累,造成物理堵塞,抑制了对水分和营养物质的吸收导致的。PE-MPs还可能通过释放添加剂对植物生长造成毒性,抑制其对水分及营养元素的吸收,改变幼苗酶活性,扰乱作物中的氧化还原稳态抑制植物幼苗生长。本研究为深入评估农业生态系统中不同粒径PE-MPs污染的生态风险提供了基础数据。

Macrobenthic Community in the Xiaoqing River Estuary in Laizhou Bay,China

The macrobenthic community of the Xiaoqing River Estuary and the adjacent sea waters was investigated in May and November 2008,August 2009,and May and September 2010,respectively.A total of 95 species of macrobenthos were identified in the five cruises and most of them were polychaetes(46.39%),mollusks(28.86%) and crustaceans(20.62%).The Shannon-Wiener index of macrobenthos was lower than 2 in 67% sites.Along the stream channel,estuary and the coastal waters,the species of polychaetes reduced gradually,while the abundance increased at first and then decreased.The abundance was the biggest at regions with salinity of 5 20 in the estuary.The species and abundance of mollusks and crustaceans increased gradually.As for seasonal distribution,the species,abundance and biomass were higher in spring and lower in summer and autumn.Contemporaneously compared with Laizhou Bay and Yellow River Estuary,the species of macrobenthos appeared in the Xiaoqing River Estuary were much less,while the percentage of polychaetes was higher.Abundance and biomass were higher in Xiaoqing River estuary,then consequently followed by Laizhou Bay and Yellow River Estuary.The dominant species in Xiaoqing River Estuary was polychaete,and Layzhou Bay mollusk.The community structure characteristics of macrobenthos in the Xiaoqing River Estuary revealed a significant pollution status in this region.

Spatiotemporal distribution of fish eggs and larvae in the Huanghe(Yellow) River estuary, China in 2005–2016

Decreasing fish resources in estuaries is a subject of anthropogenic activities. Studies of the spatiotemporal distribution of fish eggs and larvae can help identify the status and processes underlying recruitment in a fishery. As the fifth largest river estuary in the world, the Huanghe (Yellow) River estuary (HRE) is a typical estuary that has been seriously aff ected by human activities. Annual surveys on ichthyoplankton and environmental factors were conducted in the months of May of 2005 and 2009-2016 in the HRE to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of fish eggs and larvae and the associated infl uencing factors. A total of 23 and 20 species of eggs and larvae, respectively, were collected. The dominant orders were Perciformes (51.2%) and Clupeiformes (25.6%). The average number of fish species eggs and larvae were 6.0 and 4.1 in average abundance of 0.91 and 0.13 ind./m^3 , respectively. The dominant species were mainly low-commercial-value small-sized fishes, such as Clupanodon punctatus , Harengula zunasi, and Acanthogobius, whereas certain traditional commercial fishes, such as Trichiurus lepturus , and Clupea pallasii, were not seen. Analysis of the fish egg and larval community revealed four temporal assemblages and two spatial assemblages. Salinity was the main factor on the spatial distribution of ichthyoplankton communities, the species number and Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H′) of the fish egg and larval community near the river mouth with lower salinity were signifi cantly lower than the community far away from the river mouth with higher salinity. In addition, increases of water temperature promoted the number and abundance of fish species eggs, and the areas of abundant prey tended to have a more diversified and abundant of ichthyoplankton species. In overall, overfishing, dam construction, and other human activities were the main drivers that led to the substantial decline in fishery resources in the HRE.

Assessing the benthic habitat quality in the Huanghe(Yellow River) Estuary and its adjacent areas using AMBI and M-AMBI

The protection of the biological diversity and the maintenance of the regional ecological integrity for the Huanghe （Yellow River） Estuary and its adjacent areas are practically significant and valuable. However, frequent human activities and natural climate changes have caused vigorous disturbances on the ecosystem in these sea areas. An objective assessment on the benthic habitat quality （BHQ） of the Huanghe Estuary and its adjacent areas is conducted, using AZTI＇s Marine Biotic Index （AMBI） and multivariate AMBI （M-AMBI） based on the data of macrobenthos in May and August 2011. The results show that both the indices do not correlate significantly, and their assessment results are greatly different. All of the samples assessed using the AMBI were ＂high＂ or ＂good＂, because the ecological group I （EGI） and the ecological group II （EGII） were dominant macrobenthic ecological groups in the research area. Owing to a low species＇ richness and a high individual abundance in some samples, the BHQ levels using the M-AMBI were worse than those of the AMBI. Significant correlations are observed between the M-AMBI, water depth, bottom water salinity and dissolved inorganic nitrogen, thus the M-AMBI could sensitively respond to environmental changes and distinguish influences from uninfluenced stations, but the AMBI could not. The consistent results between the AMBI and the M-AMBI mainly appeared in the uninfluenced （undisturbed or slightly disturbed） sta- tions. Therefore, the M-AMBI is more effective than the AMBI in assessing the benthic habitat quality in the Huanghe Estuary and its adjacent areas. Using the M-AMBI to assess the BHQ of the Huanghe Estuary and its adjacent areas, the results show that 3% of the stations are undisturbed and the BHQs are ＂high＂, and 61% of the stations are slightly disturbed and those of the BHQ are ＂good＂, and the rest are meanly disturbed and those of the BHQ are ＂moderate＂.

A comparison of the applicability of the Shannon-Wiener index,AMBI and M-AMBI indices for assessing benthic habitat health in the Huanghe(Yellow River) Estuary and adjacent areas

From a dataset of macrobenthos obtained from 18 cruises from 2004 to 2013 in the Huanghe（Yellow River）Estuary and its adjacent areas,the composition and characteristics of macrobenthos were analyzed,and the applicability of the Shannon-Wiener Index（H′）,AZTI＇s Marine Biotic Index（AMBI） and multivariate AMBI（MAMBI） for assessing benthic habitat quality was compared.The results showed a total of 203 macrobenthos in the study area.The macrobenthos were dominated by polychaetes,followed by mollusks and crustaceans.The macrobenthic ecological groups were dominated by EGI,EGII and EGIII,which respectively accounted for 31.5%,36.0% and 21.2% of the total.There were significant differences between the evaluation results of the three indices.The ecological quality status（EQS） levels given by the AMBI were greater than those given by the H′ and M-AMBI.The AMBI could not reflect the differences between 11 sites but the H′ and M-AMBI could do.Moreover,the three indices responded well to the variations in salinity（S） and dissolved oxygen（DO） in the waters.The H′ and MAMBI also responded sensitively to the differences in physical parameters,such as water depth and sediment texture.The correlation between M-AMBI and environmental pressure gradient data was the strongest.The MAMBI could effectively distinguish degraded conditions from undegraded but the H′ and AMBI could not.Therefore,the M-AMBI reflected benthic habitat health well in the study areas.However,the objectivity of evaluation results of M-AMBI needs further verification by physical,chemical and biological methods.The thresholds also need further discussion.

Benthic Habitat Quality Assessment Based on Biological Indices in Xiaoqing River Estuary and Its Adjacent Sea of Laizhou Bay,China

Based on the macrofauna data(2008-2011) in Xiaoqing River estuary and its adjacent sea, Laizhou Bay of Bohai Sea, China, the AZTI Marine Biotic Index(AMBI) and Multivariate AMBI(M-AMBI) were used for benthic habitat quality(BHQ) assessment. Results showed that BHQ presented an obvious trend of improvement along the direction of stream channel and river mouth, and in the coastal areas. AMBI and M-AMBI were significantly related to environmental pressure gradient data. Therefore, the two indices can well indicate BHQ in the studied area. However, there were significant differences between results of the two indices. In the cases of low taxa number and high abundance of single species, AMBI might overestimate BHQ. We thus adjusted its thresholds to solve this problem. And M-AMBI might overestimate BHQ when benthic assemblage was dominated by the opportunistic species. Then we could raise the weight of AMBI in the calculation of M-AMBI to handle the problem.

畜禽养殖环境中抗生素抗性基因污染的研究进展

畜禽养殖中抗生素不当使用导致的抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)污染问题日益严重,引起了国际社会的广泛关注。养殖环境中的ARGs不但可通过吸附、解吸、迁移等途径发生跨介质扩散,也可通过水平基因转移(HGT)使耐药性跨菌属传播,甚至通过食物链传递给人类,对公众健康造成潜在威胁。然而,目前缺少以大健康视角总结分析畜禽养殖环境ARGs赋存特征、关键环境过程和阻控技术的研究,导致对ARGs传播风险的评估和污染阻控对策的制定难以有效开展。本文在分析不同国家、畜种、环境介质中ARGs污染水平差异的基础上,阐述了ARGs在畜禽养殖环境中的关键环境过程和主要影响因素,重点论述了当前畜禽养殖业ARGs的污染阻控技术,最后结合大健康的方法理念,指出了目前研究存在的不足和亟需加强的方面,尤其强调了明确ARGs时空演变规律和环境过程机制、开发绿色高效的污染阻控技术的重要性与紧迫性,以期为畜禽养殖环境中ARGs健康风险评估和污染阻控技术的开发提供理论依据。

生物炭对盐渍化土壤改良的研究进展

盐渍土的绿色改良和利用是培育健康土壤、保障全球粮食安全和缓解气候变化的重要保障。具有固碳、污染物控制和生态修复等多功能的环境友好型材料生物炭在土壤改良方面潜力巨大。近年来,生物炭对盐渍土改良的研究也备受关注。然而,生物炭对盐渍土的改良效果表现出极大的复杂性和不确定性,不同研究得出的结论差异较大,关键机制缺乏系统的总结。这极大地限制了生物炭技术在盐渍化土壤改良中的应用以及生物炭产业化的发展。基于此,综合分析了生物炭对盐渍化土壤物理、化学和生物学性质的影响,重点阐述了生物炭特性与盐渍土改良效果之间的联系和关键机制,最后指出了目前研究存在的不足和需要加强的方面,尤其强调了从土壤健康角度综合评估生物炭改良盐渍土效果的重要性和紧迫性,以期为生物炭的应用推广提供理论依据,为盐渍土壤的绿色开发提供技术保障。