Microorganisms including bacteria,viruses,protozoa,and fungi living in the gastrointestinal tract are collectively known as the gut microbiota.Dysbiosis is the imbalance in microbial composition on or inside the body ...Microorganisms including bacteria,viruses,protozoa,and fungi living in the gastrointestinal tract are collectively known as the gut microbiota.Dysbiosis is the imbalance in microbial composition on or inside the body relative to healthy state.Altered Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and decreased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila are the predominant gut dysbiosis associated with the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and metabolic syndrome.Pathophysiological mechanisms linking gut dysbiosis,and metabolic diseases and their complications include altered metabolism of short-chain fatty acids and bile acids,interaction with gut hormones,increased gut microbial metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide,bacterial translocation/Leaky gut syndrome,and endotoxin production such as lipopolysaccharides.The association between the gut microbiota and glycemic agents,however,is much less understood and is the growing focus of research and conversation.Recent studies suggest that the gut microbiota and anti-diabetic medications are interdependent on each other,meaning that while anti-diabetic medications alter the gut microbiota,the gut microbiota also alters the efficacy of anti-diabetic medications.With increasing evidence regarding the significance of gut microbiota,it is imperative to review the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of T2DM.This review also discusses the interaction between gut microbiota and the various medications used in the treatment of T2DM.展开更多
Patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)predominantly present with the pulmonary symptoms such as fever,cough,and shortness of breath.We present a case of an 83 years old patient with COVID-19 who presented wi...Patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)predominantly present with the pulmonary symptoms such as fever,cough,and shortness of breath.We present a case of an 83 years old patient with COVID-19 who presented with only gastrointestinal symptoms without respiratory complaints.Our case raises the concern regarding our current lack of understanding of extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19.Given genetic homology between 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV)2 and SARS-CoV,our case underscores the urgent need for further studies to understand the role of the gastrointestinal system in 2019 SARS-CoV-2 transmission and COVID-19 pathogenesis.展开更多
文摘Microorganisms including bacteria,viruses,protozoa,and fungi living in the gastrointestinal tract are collectively known as the gut microbiota.Dysbiosis is the imbalance in microbial composition on or inside the body relative to healthy state.Altered Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and decreased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila are the predominant gut dysbiosis associated with the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and metabolic syndrome.Pathophysiological mechanisms linking gut dysbiosis,and metabolic diseases and their complications include altered metabolism of short-chain fatty acids and bile acids,interaction with gut hormones,increased gut microbial metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide,bacterial translocation/Leaky gut syndrome,and endotoxin production such as lipopolysaccharides.The association between the gut microbiota and glycemic agents,however,is much less understood and is the growing focus of research and conversation.Recent studies suggest that the gut microbiota and anti-diabetic medications are interdependent on each other,meaning that while anti-diabetic medications alter the gut microbiota,the gut microbiota also alters the efficacy of anti-diabetic medications.With increasing evidence regarding the significance of gut microbiota,it is imperative to review the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of T2DM.This review also discusses the interaction between gut microbiota and the various medications used in the treatment of T2DM.
文摘Patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)predominantly present with the pulmonary symptoms such as fever,cough,and shortness of breath.We present a case of an 83 years old patient with COVID-19 who presented with only gastrointestinal symptoms without respiratory complaints.Our case raises the concern regarding our current lack of understanding of extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19.Given genetic homology between 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV)2 and SARS-CoV,our case underscores the urgent need for further studies to understand the role of the gastrointestinal system in 2019 SARS-CoV-2 transmission and COVID-19 pathogenesis.
