How Does Naming Affect Language Models on Code Analysis Tasks?

The Large Language Models (LLMs), such as GPT and BERT, were proposed for natural language processing (NLP) and have shown promising results as general-purpose language models. An increasing number of industry professionals and researchers are adopting LLMs for program analysis tasks. However, one significant difference between programming languages and natural languages is that a programmer has the flexibility to assign any names to variables, methods, and functions in the program, whereas a natural language writer does not. Intuitively, the quality of naming in a program affects the performance of LLMs in program analysis tasks. This paper investigates how naming affects LLMs on code analysis tasks. Specifically, we create a set of datasets with code containing nonsense or misleading names for variables, methods, and functions, respectively. We then use well-trained models (CodeBERT) to perform code analysis tasks on these datasets. The experimental results show that naming has a significant impact on the performance of code analysis tasks based on LLMs, indicating that code representation learning based on LLMs heavily relies on well-defined names in code. Additionally, we conduct a case study on some special code analysis tasks using GPT, providing further insights.

Gut microbiota-astrocyte axis: new insights into age-related cognitive decline

With the rapidly aging human population,age-related cognitive decline and dementia are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide.Aging is considered the main risk factor for cognitive decline and acts through alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota,microbial metabolites,and the functions of astrocytes.The microbiota–gut–brain axis has been the focus of multiple studies and is closely associated with cognitive function.This article provides a comprehensive review of the specific changes that occur in the composition of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in older individuals and discusses how the aging of astrocytes and reactive astrocytosis are closely related to age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.This article also summarizes the gut microbiota components that affect astrocyte function,mainly through the vagus nerve,immune responses,circadian rhythms,and microbial metabolites.Finally,this article summarizes the mechanism by which the gut microbiota–astrocyte axis plays a role in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.Our findings have revealed the critical role of the microbiota–astrocyte axis in age-related cognitive decline,aiding in a deeper understanding of potential gut microbiome-based adjuvant therapy strategies for this condition.

Advancements in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness

Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness, defined in 2017, is a chronic functional vestibular disorder. Which is characterized by persistent dizziness, unsteadiness, and/or non-spinning vertigo. However, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. In recent years, FMRI studies have provided key insights into the pathogenesis of PPPD. This review summarized functional imaging studies of persistent postural dizziness and its predecessors in recent years and found changes in the activity and functional connectivity of important areas of visual processing, multisensory vestibular and spatial cognition in patients with PPPD. In addition, factors such as stimulation mode, personality traits, mental comorbidities and external vestibular lesions have important effects on brain functional activities and connectivity patterns, and further stratified studies on these factors are needed in the future to further clarify and draw exact conclusions on the pathological mechanism of PPPD.

Crop growth inhibited by over-liming in tea plantations

Liming is a common strategy applied to attain optimal pH for tea growth in severely acidic soils.Tea however is a calciphobous plant,and the effects of liming on its growth and nutrient uptake remain poorly understand.Therefore,it is necessary to better understand the effects of liming on soil chemical properties and tea nutrient content.In this study,a tea plantation that had exhibited large variation in growth after liming was selected as a study site.We categorized plots into two growth condition groups:Plot 1(poor growth)and Plot 2(excellent growth).Tea nutrient levels,and soil chemical properties were then compared between the two groups.Normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)and transformed vegetation index(TVI)values were significantly higher and lower,respectively,in Plot 2 than in Plot 1.Yield,number of buds per m2,and 100-bud weight were significantly higher in Plot 2.These results were attributed to higher N,K,and Al concentrations and lower Ca concentrations in leaves,and lower pH and available Ca and higher available Al in soil.Leaf concentrations of K and Al were significantly negatively correlated with leaf concentrations of Ca and soil pH.A positive relationship was observed between leaf concentrations of K and Al,indicating inhibited K and Al uptake due to over-liming,restricting tea growth.In conclusion,our results show that tea growth will be restricted by over-liming,as a result of the high soil pH and Ca concentration inhibiting the K and Al uptake.

Flap transplantation for treatment of pelvic fracture and defective hip

A case of flap transplantation for treatment of pelvic fracture and defective hip in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University was collected and analyzed on the basis of diagnosis,physical examination and treatment.The patient was in serious condition with large necrotic area and prone to lead to various complications.The paper aims to share experience and provide references for similar cases amongst surgeons.

Cognitive impairment in cerebral small vessel disease induced by hypertension

Hypertension is a primary risk factor for the progression of cognitive impairment caused by cerebral small vessel disease,the most common cerebrovascular disease.Howeve r,the causal relationship between hypertension and cerebral small vessel disease remains unclear.Hypertension has substantial negative impacts on brain health and is recognized as a risk factor for cerebrovascular disease.Chronic hypertension and lifestyle factors are associated with risks for stro ke and dementia,and cerebral small vessel disease can cause dementia and stroke.Hypertension is the main driver of cerebral small vessel disease,which changes the structure and function of cerebral vessels via various mechanisms and leads to lacunar infarction,leukoaraiosis,white matter lesions,and intracerebral hemorrhage,ultimately res ulting in cognitive decline and demonstrating that the brain is the to rget organ of hypertension.This review updates our understanding of the pathogenesis of hypertensioninduced cerebral small vessel disease and the res ulting changes in brain structure and function and declines in cognitive ability.We also discuss drugs to treat cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive impairment.

A Facile Li_(2)TiO_(3) Surface Modification to Improve the Structure Stability and Electrochemical Performance of Full Concentration Gradient Li-Rich Oxides

Full concentration gradient lithium-rich layered oxides are catching lots of interest as the next generation cathode for lithium-ion batteries due to their high discharge voltage,reduced voltage decay and enhanced rate performance,whereas the high lithium residues on its surface impairs the structure stability and long-term cycle performance.Herein,a facile multifunctional surface modification method is implemented to eliminate surface lithium residues of full concentration gradient lithium-rich layered oxides by a wet chemistry reaction with tetrabutyl titanate and the post-annealing process.It realizes not only a stable Li_(2)TiO_(3)coating layer with 3D diffusion channels for fast Li^(+)ions transfer,but also dopes partial Ti^(4+)ions into the sub-surface region of full concentration gradient lithium-rich layered oxides to further strengthen its crystal structure.Consequently,the modified full concentration gradient lithium-rich layered oxides exhibit improved structure stability,elevated thermal stability with decomposition temperature from 289.57℃to 321.72℃,and enhanced cycle performance(205.1 mAh g^(-1)after 150 cycles)with slowed voltage drop(1.67 mV per cycle).This work proposes a facile and integrated modification method to enhance the comprehensive performance of full concentration gradient lithium-rich layered oxides,which can facilitate its practical application for developing higher energy density lithium-ion batteries.

Expert consensus on difficulty assessment of endodontic therapy

Endodontic diseases are a kind of chronic infectious oral disease. Common endodontic treatment concepts are based on the removal of inflamed or necrotic pulp tissue and the replacement by gutta-percha. However, it is very essential for endodontic treatment to debride the root canal system and prevent the root canal system from bacterial reinfection after root canal therapy(RCT). Recent research, encompassing bacterial etiology and advanced imaging techniques, contributes to our understanding of the root canal system’s anatomy intricacies and the technique sensitivity of RCT. Success in RCT hinges on factors like patients, infection severity, root canal anatomy, and treatment techniques. Therefore, improving disease management is a key issue to combat endodontic diseases and cure periapical lesions. The clinical difficulty assessment system of RCT is established based on patient conditions, tooth conditions, root canal configuration, and root canal needing retreatment, and emphasizes pre-treatment risk assessment for optimal outcomes. The findings suggest that the presence of risk factors may correlate with the challenge of achieving the high standard required for RCT. These insights contribute not only to improve education but also aid practitioners in treatment planning and referral decision-making within the field of endodontics.

Exosomes derived from microglia overexpressing miR-124-3p alleviate neuronal endoplasmic reticulum stress damage after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury

We previously reported that miR-124-3p is markedly upregulated in microglia-derived exosomes following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury.However,its impact on neuronal endoplasmic reticulum stress following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury remains unclear.In this study,we first used an HT22 scratch injury model to mimic traumatic brain injury,then co-cultured the HT22 cells with BV2 microglia expressing high levels of miR-124-3p.We found that exosomes containing high levels of miR-124-3p attenuated apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress.Furthermore,luciferase reporter assay analysis confirmed that miR-124-3p bound specifically to the endoplasmic reticulum stress-related protein IRE1α,while an IRE1αfunctional salvage experiment confirmed that miR-124-3p targeted IRE1αand reduced its expression,thereby inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress in injured neurons.Finally,we delivered microglia-derived exosomes containing miR-124-3p intranasally to a mouse model of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury and found that endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis levels in hippocampal neurons were significantly reduced.These findings suggest that,after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury,miR-124-3 can be transferred from microglia-derived exosomes to injured neurons,where it exerts a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress.Therefore,microglia-derived exosomes containing miR-124-3p may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for repetitive mild traumatic brain injury.

Long‐life lithium batteries enabled by a pseudo‐oversaturated electrolyte

The specific energy of Li metal batteries(LMBs)can be improved by using high‐voltage cathode materials;however,achieving long‐term stable cycling performance in the corresponding system is particularly challenging for the liquid electrolyte.Herein,a novel pseudo‐oversaturated electrolyte(POSE)is prepared by introducing 1,1,2,2‐tetrafluoroethyl‐2,2,3,3‐tetrafluoropropyl ether(TTE)to adjust the coordination structure between diglyme(G2)and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide(LiTFSI).Surprisingly,although TTE shows little solubility to LiTFSI,the molar ratio between LiTFSI and G2 in the POSE can be increased to 1:1,which is much higher than that of the saturation state,1:2.8.Simulation and experimental results prove that TTE promotes closer contact of the G2 molecular with Li^(+)in the POSE.Moreover,it also participates in the formation of electrolyte/electrode interphases.The electrolyte shows outstanding compatibility with both the Li metal anode and typical high‐voltage cathodes.Li||Li symmetric cells show a long life of more than 2000 h at 1 mA cm^(−2),1 mAh cm^(−2).In the meantime,Li||LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)(NCM811)cell with the POSE shows a high reversible capacity of 134.8 mAh g^(−1 )after 900 cycles at 4.5 V,1 C rate.The concept of POSE can provide new insight into the Li^(+)solvation structure and in the design of advanced electrolytes for LMBs.

Current collectors’ effects on the electrochemical performance of LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_(2) suspension electrodes for lithium slurry battery

Take after the advantages of lithium-ion battery (LIB) and redox flow battery (RFB), semi-solid flow battery (SSFB) is a promising electrochemical energy storage device in renewable energy utilization. The flowable slurry electrode realizes decouple of energy and power density, while it also brings about new challenge to SSFBs, electron transport between active material and the out circuit. In this consideration, three types of current collectors (CCs) are applied to study the resistance and electrochemical performances of slurry cathodes within pouch cells for the first time. It proves that the electronic resistance (Re) between slurry electrode and the CC plays a decisive role in SSFB operation, and it is so large when Al foil is adopted that the cell cannot even work. Contact angle between Ketjen black (KB) slurry without active material (AM) and the CC is a preliminarily sign for the Re, the smaller the angle, the lower the resistance, and the better electrochemical performance of the cell.

Influence of Anteroposterior Symmetrical Aero-Wings on the Aerodynamic Performance of High-Speed Train

The running stability of high-speed train is largely constrained by the wheel-rail coupling relationship,and the continuous wear between the wheel and rail surfaces will profoundly affect the dynamic performance of the train.In recent years,under the background of increasing train speed,some scientific researchers have proposed a new idea of using the lift force generated by the aerodynamic wings(aero-wing)installed on the roof to reduce the sprung load of the carriage in order to alleviate the wear and tear of the wheel and rail.Based on the bidirectional running characteristics of high-speed train,this paper proposes a scheme to apply aero-wings with anteroposterior symmetrical cross-sections on the roof of the train.After the verification of the wind tunnel experimental data,the relatively better airfoil section and extension formof anteroposterior symmetrical aero-wing is selected respectively in this paper,and the aero-wings are fixedly connected to the roof of the train through the mounting column to conduct aerodynamic simulation analysis.The research shows that:compared with the circular-arc and oval crosssections,this paper believes that the crescent cross-section can form greater aerodynamic lift force in a limited space.Considering factors such as aerodynamic parameters,ground effect,and manufacturing process,this paper proposes to adopt aero-wings with arc type extension form and connect them to the roof of the train through mounting columns with shuttle cross-section.When the roof of the train is covered with aero-wings and runs at high speed,the sprung load of the carriages can be effectively reduced.However,there are certain hidden dangers in the tail carriage due to the large amount of lift force,so,the intervention of the aero-wing lifting mechanism is required.At the same time,it is necessary to optimize the overall aerodynamic drag force reduction in the followup work.

A Web-like Three-dimensional Binder for Silicon Anode in Lithium-ion Batteries

Si anode is of paramount importance for advanced energy-dense lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,the large volume change as well as stress generates during its lithiation-delithiation process poses a great challenge to the long-term cycling and hindering its application.Herein this work,a composite binder is prepared with a soft component,guar gum(GG),and a rigid linear polymer,anionic polyacrylamide(APAM).Rich hydroxy,carboxyl,and amide groups on the polymer chains not only enable intermolecular crosslinking to form a web-like binder,A2G1,but also realize strong chemical binding as well as physical encapsulating to Si particles.The resultant electrode shows limited thickness change of merely 9%on lithiation and almost recovers its original thickness on delithiation.It demonstrates high reversible capacity of 2104.3 mAh g^(-1)after 100 cycles at a current density of 1800 mA g^(-1),and in constant capacity(1000 mAh g^(-1))test,it also shows a long life of 392 cycles.Therefore,this soft-hard combining web-like binder illustrates its great potential in the future applications.

Allotetraploidization event of Coptis chinensis shared by all Ranunculales

Coptis chinensis Franch.,also named Chinese goldthread is a member of Ranunculaceae in the order Ranunculales and represents an important lineage of early eudicots with traditional medicinal value.In our study,by using syntenic analysis combined with phylogenomic analysis of C.chinensis and four other representative genomes from basal and core eudicots,we confirmed that the WGD event in C.chinensis was shared by Aquilegia coerulea and Papaver somniferum L.and quickly occurred after Ranunculales diverged from other eudicots,likely a Ranunculales common tetraploidization(RCT).The synonymous nucleotide substitutions at synonymous sites distribution of syntenic blocks across these genomes showed that the evolutionary rate of the P.somniferum genome is faster than that of the C.chinensis genome by approximately 13.7%,possibly due to Papaveraceaes having an additional special tetraploidization event(PST).After Ks correction,the RCT dated to 115—130 million years ago(MYA),which was close to the divergence of Ranunculaceaes and Papaveraceaes approximately115.45—130.51 MYA.Moreover,we identified homologous genes related to polyploidization and speciation and constructed multiple sequence alignments with different reference genomes.Notably,the event-related subgenomes in the basal genomes all showed genomic fractionation bias,suggesting a likely allopolyploid nature of the RCT,PST and T-Alpha and T-Beta events in Tetracentron sinense.In addition,we detected that the sixteen P450 subfamilies were markedly expanded in the genomes of Ranunculales,and most of them were related to the RCT and PST events.We constructed a new platform for Early Eudicot Comparative Genomic Research(http://www.cgrpoee.top/index.html)to store more information.In summary,our findings support the WGD of C.chinensis shared by Ranunculales,which is likely an allotetraploidization event.This present effort offered new insights into the evolution of key polyploidization events and the genes related to secondary metabolites during the diversification of early eudicots.

Multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment of massive hepatocellular carcinoma with hemorrhage:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),a major contributor to cancer-related deaths,is particularly prevalent in Asia,largely due to hepatitis B virus infection.Its prognosis is generally poor.This case report contributes to the medical literature by detailing a unique approach in treating a large HCC through multidisciplinary collaboration,particularly in patients with massive HCC complicated by ruptured bleeding,a scenario not extensively documented previously.CASE SUMMARY The patient presented with large HCC complicated by intratumoral bleeding.Treatment involved a multidisciplinary approach,providing individualized care.The strategy included drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization,sorafenib-targeted therapy,laparoscopic partial hepatectomy,and standardized sintilimab monoclonal antibody therapy.Six months after treatment,the patient achieved complete radiological remission,with significant symptom relief.Imaging studies showed no lesions or recurrence,and clinical assessments confirmed complete remission.This report is notable as possibly the first docu-mented case of successfully treating such complex HCC conditions through integrated multidisciplinary efforts,offering new insights and a reference for future similar cases.CONCLUSION This study demonstrated effective multidisciplinary treatment for massive HCC with intratumoral bleeding,providing insights for future similar cases.

Digital Filter Algorithm Based on Morphological Lifting Scheme and Median Filter

Abstract--When the circuits in which electronic products are fitted are disturbed by various interrupting signals, wave distortions occur to the normal voltage signals of these circuits. These wave distortions influence the normal operation and life cycle of electronic products. To eliminate the harmful effects of interrupting signals on electronic products, in this paper, a digital filter algorithm based on morphological lifting scheme and median filter （MLS-MF）, which will be used to filter various interrupting signals existing in the circuits in which electronic products are fitted, is proposed. A variety of interrupting sig- nals have been included in simulation studies, and simulation results have demonstrated the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed digital filter algorithm in high frequency continuous interference, random background noise and damped oscillatory transient interference filter. Index Terms--Digital filter, lifting scheme, median filter, mor- phology.

康柏西普联合手术及全视网膜光凝治疗NVG的临床研究

目的观察玻璃体腔注射康柏西普联合复合式小梁切除术及全视网膜光凝治疗新生血管性青光眼(NVG)的临床疗效。方法选取2014年1月-2017年1月该院就诊的200例NVG患者,共200只眼。入选患者屈光间质尚清晰,尚存部分视功能。按是否接受玻璃体腔注射康柏西普药物分为对照组和观察组,每组各100例(100只眼)。观察组采用玻璃体腔注射康柏西普+复合式小梁切除术+全视网膜光凝治疗方案;对照组行复合式小梁切除术+超全视网膜光凝治疗方案。记录患者治疗前,治疗后1 d、1周、1个月及6个月眼压变化、视力变化、虹膜及房角新生血管消失情况和不良反应情况。结果治疗后1 d、1周、1个月及6个月两组眼压比较,采用重复测量设计的方差分析,结果 :(1)两组不同时间的眼压有差异(P<0.05);(2)两组间的眼压有差异(P<0.05);(3)两组眼压的变化趋势有差异(P<0.05)。进一步分析发现,在同一时间的两两比较,观察组治疗后1 d、1周、1个月及6个月的眼压水平均低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗1周后,观察组虹膜和房角新生血管完全消退率高于对照组;观察组消退时间低于对照组。结论采用玻璃体腔注射康柏西普+复合小梁切除术+全视网膜光凝治疗NVG,能有效改善患者治疗效果,减少不良反应,增加治疗的安全性。

普通白光联合窄带成像放大内镜对早期胃癌浸润深度的诊断价值

目的:建立普通白光内镜(conventional white light endoscopy,C-WLE)联合窄带成像放大内镜(magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging,ME-NBI)诊断早期胃癌(early gastric cancer,EGC)浸润深度的模型,提高EGC深度诊断的准确性。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年10月河北医科大学第四医院行黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)或手术治疗的241例EGC患者,用χ^(2)检验分析EGC黏膜下深层浸润的危险因素,应用Logistic回归模型分析EGC黏膜下深层浸润内镜下表现的独立危险因素,构建预测EGC浸润深度模型。结果:χ2检验结果表明黏膜皱襞变化、易出血、溃疡、边缘隆起、无血管区、扩张血管、微血管结构缺失、表面结构缺失是EGC黏膜下深层浸润的危险因素。Logistic多因素回归分析表明溃疡(OR=5.696,95%CI:1.656~19.590;P=0.006),边缘隆起(OR=5.363,95%CI:1.469~19.573;P=0.011),无血管区(OR=8.990,95%CI:2.522~32.042;P=0.001),扩张血管(OR=8.435,95%CI:3.323~21.408;P<0.001)为EGC黏膜下深层浸润的独立危险因素。将上述独立危险因素分别赋分为4分、4分、5分、5分,构建预测浸润深度的模型,AUC为0.802,最佳临界点为8分,诊断敏感度为71.4%,特异度为85.6%,准确率为82.5%。结论:依据C-WLE联合ME-NBI诊断EGC黏膜下深层浸润的独立危险因素构建的诊断模型有助于术前准确诊断EGC的浸润深度。

收肌管阻滞在膝关节镜术后早期镇痛中的临床应用

目的分析膝关节镜术后采用收肌管阻滞早期镇痛的有效性与安全性,为未来膝关节镜术后镇痛方案的选择提供参考。方法选择该院择期接受初次单侧膝关节镜下半月板手术治疗的患者60例,根据随机数字表法将其分为收肌管阻滞组(ACB组)与浸润麻醉组(IA组),每组30例,患者术中麻醉方式均为全身麻醉,麻醉诱导与麻醉维持方法一致。手术前30 min给予ACB组收肌管阻滞早期镇痛,给予IA组浸润麻醉早期镇痛,记录围手术期相关指标,并对比两组并发症发生情况。在术后1、2、4、8和12 h采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评估患者疼痛情况,用来评价其镇痛效果;分别于术后各时点,采用徒手肌力法评价患者股四头肌肌力;并对比两组镇痛有效率和肌力减弱发生率。结果术后1、2和4 h,两组患者VAS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后8和12 h,ACB组VAS评分较IA组降低,且曲马多使用量少于IA组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后各时点,ACB组股四头肌肌力评分较IA组提高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);ACB组镇痛有效率高于IA组,肌力减弱发生率低于IA组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);围手术期两组均未见穿刺部位出血、局麻药物中毒、血肿和苏醒延迟发生,组间恶心、呕吐发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论术前超早期给予膝关节镜手术患者收肌管阻滞,患者术后早期镇痛效果较传统浸润麻醉好,可以减少曲马多的使用,且对患者股四头肌肌力无明显负面影响,肌力减弱情况少,无严重并发症发生,安全可靠,值得推广应用。

县域内义务教育学校财政拨款充足性估算——基于B、J和S县所辖小学数据的包络分析

我国义务教育财政投入不足备受社会关注,但究竟什么是义务教育财政投入的充足性,国内已有研究基本上是描述性的,至今并没有给出明确的含义及标准。已有国外研究和实践表明,确立学校财政拨款充足标准,必须要与教育结果关联,且要考虑学校所处环境对教育结果的影响,同时还需要排除学校低效率行为。基于此,本文在明确我国义务教育学校财政拨款充足性含义及标准的基础上,构建了包含环境因素的学校拨款充足模型,运用拓展的线性包络分析方法排除学校低效率行为,以经济发展不同水平的B县、S县和J县所辖小学为典型案例,对各县所辖每一所学校达到该县设定教育结果水平所需最低成本进行估算。结果表明:达到各县确认的优秀教育结果水平,排除低效率行为,超过60%的学校无需追加财政拨款。今后在加大义务教育财政投入的同时,还应注重资金使用效率并建立相应的问责机制。