This work describes how a control algorithm can be implemented in a small (8-bit) microcontroller for the main purpose of merging embedded systems and control theory in electrical engineering undergraduate classes. Tw...This work describes how a control algorithm can be implemented in a small (8-bit) microcontroller for the main purpose of merging embedded systems and control theory in electrical engineering undergraduate classes. Two different methods for discretizing the control expression are compared: Euler transformation and bilinear transformation. The sampling rate’s impact on the algorithm is discussed and theoretical results are verified by an application to a temperature control system in a heating plant. Four control algorithms are compared: PID and PI algorithms discretized with Euler and bilinear transformation, respectively. It is shown that for the heating plant used in this work, a bilinear PI algorithm implemented in a small 8-bit microcontroller outperforms a commercial controller from Panasonic. It is also demonstrated that all the derived algorithms can be implemented using integer calculations only, obviating the need for expensive and time-consuming floating-point calculations. This work bridges the gap between control theory equations and the implementation of control systems in small embedded systems with no inherent floating-point processing power.展开更多
This paper aims to synthesize previous user innovation policy proposals into an adapted system of innovation framework,on which a future holistic user innovation policy for the household sector can be based.We do this...This paper aims to synthesize previous user innovation policy proposals into an adapted system of innovation framework,on which a future holistic user innovation policy for the household sector can be based.We do this in three steps.First,we introduce the systems of innovation framework as a comprehensive basis for a holistic approach to innovation policy.Second,we identify and review policy proposals made by user innovation researchers and categorize them according to ten key activities in the systems of innovation framework.Third,from a system of innovation perspective,we synthesize the policy proposals identified into an adapted framework,including determinants specific to user innovation in the household sector.The synthesized proposals are intended to strengthen the systemic and multi-causal effects of policy on household sector user innovation in a country,region,or sector.Future policies for user innovation may,on this basis,be instrumental in avoiding mono-causality,or the concentration on only a few policy instruments in a proposed policy.展开更多
文摘This work describes how a control algorithm can be implemented in a small (8-bit) microcontroller for the main purpose of merging embedded systems and control theory in electrical engineering undergraduate classes. Two different methods for discretizing the control expression are compared: Euler transformation and bilinear transformation. The sampling rate’s impact on the algorithm is discussed and theoretical results are verified by an application to a temperature control system in a heating plant. Four control algorithms are compared: PID and PI algorithms discretized with Euler and bilinear transformation, respectively. It is shown that for the heating plant used in this work, a bilinear PI algorithm implemented in a small 8-bit microcontroller outperforms a commercial controller from Panasonic. It is also demonstrated that all the derived algorithms can be implemented using integer calculations only, obviating the need for expensive and time-consuming floating-point calculations. This work bridges the gap between control theory equations and the implementation of control systems in small embedded systems with no inherent floating-point processing power.
文摘This paper aims to synthesize previous user innovation policy proposals into an adapted system of innovation framework,on which a future holistic user innovation policy for the household sector can be based.We do this in three steps.First,we introduce the systems of innovation framework as a comprehensive basis for a holistic approach to innovation policy.Second,we identify and review policy proposals made by user innovation researchers and categorize them according to ten key activities in the systems of innovation framework.Third,from a system of innovation perspective,we synthesize the policy proposals identified into an adapted framework,including determinants specific to user innovation in the household sector.The synthesized proposals are intended to strengthen the systemic and multi-causal effects of policy on household sector user innovation in a country,region,or sector.Future policies for user innovation may,on this basis,be instrumental in avoiding mono-causality,or the concentration on only a few policy instruments in a proposed policy.
