Palmitoleic acid on top of HFD ameliorates insulin resistance independent of diacylglycerols and alters gut microbiota in C57BL/6J mice

With the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related metabolic syndrome,such as insulin resistance in recent years,it is urgent to explore effective interventions to prevent the progression of obesity-related metabolic syndrome.Palmitoleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid that is available from dietary sources,mainly derived from marine products.P almitoleic acid plays a positive role in maintaining glucose homeostasis and reducing inflammation.However,it is still unknow the mechanism of palmitoleic acid in ameliorating insulin resistance.Here,we investigated the effects of palmitoleic acid on chow diet(CD)-fed and high-fat diet(HFD)-fed mice,which were fed CD or HFD for 12 weeks before administration.We administrated mice with BSA(control),oleic acid,or palmitoleic acid for 6 weeks on top of CD or HFD feeding.We found that palmitoleic acid only improved glucose homeostasis in HFD-fed obese mice by increasing glucose clearance and reducing HOMA-IR.Further study explored that palmitoleic acid changed the composition of gut microbiota by decreasing Firmicutes population and increasing Bacteroidetes population.In colon,palmitoleic acid increased intestinal tight junction integrity and reduced inflammation.Moreover,palmitoleic acid decreased macrophage infiltration in liver and adipose tissue and increase glucose uptake in adipose tissue.Diacylglycerol(DAG)in tissue(for example,liver)is found to positively correlated with HOMA-IR.HFD enhanced the levels of DAGs in liver but not in adipose tissue in this study.Palmitoleic acid did not reverse the high DAG levels induced by HFD in liver.Therefore,in HFD-fed mice,palmitoleic acid reduced insulin resistance by an independent-manner of DAGs.It might be associated with the beneficial effects of palmitoleic acid on altering the gut microbiota composition,improving of intestinal barrier function,and downregulating the inflammation in colon,liver,and adipose tissue.

基于模糊神经网络的学生科学素养影响机制研究

科学素养的影响机制对教育策略优化、人才培养质量提升,以及社会科技创新与可持续发展具有深远影响。然而,传统的经典教育统计学方法难以全面揭示这一复杂过程。为突破这一局限,采用先进的模糊神经网络技术,对包含53个国家共计113,314个有效样本的PISA2015数据库进行深度的数据挖掘分析。在特征选择后,识别出十项对学生科学素养提升具有积极影响的因素和一项消极影响因素。结果显示,社会经济发展水平是决定学生科学素养水平的关键因素;家庭教育投入与科学素养水平之间存在最强关联性;学习品质、高阶思维能力及科学本质理解在科学素养发展中起到核心推动作用;而信息技术的应用在影响学生科学学业表现上呈双刃剑效应。基于以上发现,建议教育领域顺应智能时代趋势,利用机器学习进行数据挖掘,推动计算教育学研究范式的转型;优化教育资源分配结构以促进科学素养教育公平;并革新学生培养策略,以实现学生科学素养的高质量发展。

Inhibition of α5 GABAA receptors has preventive but not therapeutic effects on isoflurane-induced memory impairment in aged rats

The α5 subunit-containing gamma-amino butyric acid type A receptors(α5 GABAARs) are a distinct subpopulation that are specifically distributed in the mammalian hippocampus and also mediate tonic inhibitory currents in hippocampal neurons. These tonic currents can be enhanced by low-dose isoflurane, which is associated with learning and memory impairment. Inverse agonists of α5 GABAARs, such as L-655,708, are able to reverse the short-term memory deficit caused by low-dose isoflurane in young animals. However, whether these negative allosteric modulators have the same effects on aged rats remains unclear. In the present study, we mainly investigated the effects of L-655,708 on low-dose(1.3%) isoflurane-induced learning and memory impairment in elderly rats. Young(3-month-old) and aged(24-month-old) Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive L-655,708 0.5 hour before or 23.5 hours after 1.3% isoflurane anesthesia.The Morris Water Maze tests demonstrated that L-655,708 injected before or after anesthesia could reverse the memory deficit in young rats. But in aged rats, application of L-655,708 only before anesthesia showed similar effects. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that low-dose isoflurane decreased the mRNA expression of α5 GABAARs in aging hippocampal neurons but increased that in young animals. These findings indicate that L-655,708 prevented but could not reverse 1.3% isoflurane-induced spatial learning and memory impairment in aged Wistar rats. All experimental procedures and protocols were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Academy of Military Medical Science of China(approval No. NBCDSER-IACUC-2015128) in December 2015.

A bifunctional perovskite oxide catalyst:The triggered oxygen reduction/evolution electrocatalysis by moderated Mn-Ni co-doping

ABO_(3)-type perovskite oxides(e.g.,LaCoO_(3))with flexible and adjustable A-and B-sites are ideal model catalysts to unravel the relationship between the electronic structure and electrocatalytic activity(e.g.,oxygen reduction/evolution reactions,ORR/OER).It has been well understood in our recent work that the secondary metal dopant at B-site(e.g.,Mn in LaMn_(x)Co_(1-x)O_(3))can regulate the electronic structure and improve the ORR/OER activity.In this work,the Mn-Ni pairs are employed as the dual dopant in LaMn_(x)Ni_(y)Co_(z)O_(3)(x+y+z=1)catalysts toward bifunctional ORR and OER.The structure-property relationships between the triple metal B-site(Mn,Ni and Co)and the electrochemical performance are particularly investigated.Compared to the individual Mn doping(e.g.,LaMnCoO3(Mn:Co=1:3)catalyst),the dual Mn-Ni doping significantly improves the ORR mass activity@0.8 V by 1.54 times;meanwhile,the OER overpotential@10 mA cm^(-2) is reduced from 420 to 370 mV,and the OER current density at 1.55 V is increased by 2.43 times.Reasonably,the potential gap between EDRR@-1 mA cm^(-2) and EDER@10 mA cm^(-2) is achieved as only 0.76 V by using the optimal LaMn_(x)Ni_(y)Co_(z)O_(3)(x:y:z=1:2:3)catalyst.It is revealed that the dual Mn-Ni dopant efficiently optimizes electron structures of the LaMnNiCoO_(3)(1:2:3)catalyst,which not only decreases the e_(g) orbital electron number,but also modulates the O 2 p-band closer to the Femi level,accounting for the enhanced bifunctional activity.

Biomass-derived nonprecious metal catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction: The demand-oriented engineering of active sites and structures

Oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)is an important electrochemical process for renewable energy conversion and storage applications such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries.ORR is sluggish in kinetics and requires a large amount of platinum group metal(PGM)-based catalysts to facilitate its slow reaction rate.Application of precious metals raises the cost and decreases the competitivity of these devices in the market.To address this challenge,PGM-free ORR catalysts have been intensively investigated as an alternative to replace the PGM-based catalysts and to promote the deployment of ORR-related applications.In particular,the biomass holds promising potential to be used as the precursor material for PGM-free ORR catalysts.This pathway has gained more and more attention in recent years.In this review,recent advances regarding biomass-derived ORR catalysts are summarized with a focus on the rational design of both active sites and porous structures which are the two key factors in determining ORR performance of catalysts.At the end,the perspectives of development of biomass-derived catalysts is discussed.

Attributes reduct and decision rules optimization based on maximal tolerance classification in incomplete information systems with fuzzy decisions

A new approach to knowledge acquisition in incomplete information system with fuzzy decisions is proposed. In such incomplete information system, the universe of discourse is classified by the maximal tolerance classes, and fuzzy approximations are defined based on them. Three types of relative reducts of maximal tolerance classes are then proposed, and three types of fuzzy decision rules based on the proposed attribute description are defined. The judgment theorems and approximation discernibility functions with respect to them are presented to compute the relative reduct by using Boolean reasoning techniques, from which we can derive optimal fuzzy decision rules from the systems. At last, three types of relative reducts of the system and their computing methods are given.

自噬在视网膜和眼部疾病中的研究进展

自噬维持细胞内成分降解和再循环的稳态,是一种关键的细胞质量控制机制。在应激反应中,自噬促进细胞成分的降解,以提供细胞代谢所需的营养物质和能量。视网膜是眼睛中转导和处理视觉信息的光敏组织,对物质和能量需求极高,基础水平的自噬对维持视网膜细胞的稳态和视觉系统的正常功能至关重要。本文总结了自噬途径参与青光眼、年龄相关性黄斑变性、糖尿病视网膜病变、视网膜营养不良和视网膜脱离等眼科疾病的最新研究,为未来通过调控自噬治疗眼部疾病提供理论依据。

An Intelligent Manufacturing Platform of Polymers:Polymeric Material Genome Engineering

Polymeric materials with excellent performance are the foundation for developing high-level technology and advanced manufacturing.Polymeric material genome engineering(PMGE)is becoming a vital platform for the intelligent manufacturing of polymeric materials.However,the development of PMGE is still in its infancy,and many issues remain to be addressed.In this perspective,we elaborate on the PMGE concepts,summarize the state-of-the-art research and achievements,and highlight the challenges and prospects in this field.In particular,we focus on property estimation approaches,including property proxy prediction and machine learning prediction of polymer properties.The potential engineering applications of PMGE are discussed,including the fields of advanced composites,polymeric materials for communications,and integrated circuits.

Engineering Fe‑N_(4)Electronic Structure with Adjacent Co‑N_(2)C_(2)and Co Nanoclusters on Carbon Nanotubes for Efficient Oxygen Electrocatalysis

Regulating the local configuration of atomically dispersed transition-metal atom catalysts is the key to oxygen electrocatalysis performance enhancement.Unlike the previously reported singleatom or dual-atom configurations,we designed a new type of binary-atom catalyst,through engineering Fe-N_(4)electronic structure with adjacent Co-N_(2)C_(2)and nitrogen-coordinated Co nanoclusters,as oxygen electrocatalysts.The resultant optimized electronic structure of the Fe-N_(4)active center favors the binding capability of intermediates and enhances oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)activity in both alkaline and acid conditions.In addition,anchoring M-N-C atomic sites on highly graphitized carbon supports guarantees of efficient charge-and mass-transports,and escorts the high bifunctional catalytic activity of the entire catalyst.Further,through the combination of electrochemical studies and in-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy analyses,the ORR degradation mechanisms under highly oxidative conditions during oxygen evolution reaction processes were revealed.This work developed a new binary-atom catalyst and systematically investigates the effect of highly oxidative environments on ORR electrochemical behavior.It demonstrates the strategy for facilitating oxygen electrocatalytic activity and stability of the atomically dispersed M-N-C catalysts.

Advanced 2D molybdenum disulfide for green hydrogen production: Recent progress and future perspectives

The development of renewable and affordable energy is crucial for building a sustainable society. In this context, establishing a sustainable infrastructure for renewable energy requires the integration of energy storage, specifically use of renewable hydrogen. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of electrochemical water splitting is a promising method for producing green hydrogen. Recently, two-dimensional nanomaterials have shown great promise in promoting the HER in terms of both fundamental research and practical applications due to their high specific surface areas and tunable electronic properties. Among them, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), a non-noble metal catalyst, has emerged as a promising alternative to replace expensive platinum-based catalysts for the HER because MoS_(2)has a high inherent activity, low cost, and abundant reserves. At present, greatly improved activity and stability are urgently needed for MoS_(2)to enable wide deployment of water electrolysis devices. In this regard, efficient strategies for precisely modifying MoS_(2)are of interest. Herein, the progress made with MoS_(2)as an HER catalyst is reviewed, with a focus on modification strategies, including phase engineering, morphology design, defect engineering, heteroatom doping, and heterostructure construction. It is believed that these strategies will be helpful in designing and developing high-performance and low-cost MoS2-based catalysts by lowering the charge transfer barrier, increasing the active site density, and optimizing the surface hydrophilicity. In addition, the challenges of MoS_(2)electrocatalysts and perspectives for future research and development of these catalysts are discussed.

内界膜瓣在难治性黄斑裂孔手术中的应用进展

难治性黄斑裂孔主要包括大直径、高度近视性、持续性、复发性、外伤性黄斑裂孔。相较于普通裂孔,难治性黄斑裂孔经常规玻璃体切割联合内界膜(internal limiting membrane,ILM)剥除术术后裂孔闭合率大大降低且视功能恢复欠佳。为此,ILM瓣技术开始应用于治疗难治性黄斑裂孔中,并且随着国内外学者不断改进,衍生出了在大小、形态、数量和方式上各异的多种ILM瓣技术,整体提高了裂孔闭合率和改善了术后视功能。然而,ILM瓣技术都各有其优缺点和应用限制,到目前为止,尚未出现公认的有效治疗难治性黄斑裂孔的术式。本文就国内外文献中出现的ILM瓣技术的手术方法和治疗效果予以综述,旨在为难治性黄斑裂孔临床术式的选择提供具体参考,并为未来新术式的改良提供借鉴。

The Growth of Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability under Multiple Impingements

The growth of multi-mode Richtmyer-Meshkov instability under multiple impingements and the effect of initial shock strength on the growth of RMI are numerically investigated. We obtain the time evolution of turbulent mixing zone width for initial shock with different strength. The results show that the turbulent mixing zone width grows in a different manner at different stage but strictly in a similar way for the initial shock with different strength. Also, the initial shock strength has a significant effect on the growth rate of turbulent mixing zone width, especially before reshock, but can not change the growth laws in the whole process.

糖尿病患者玻璃体切除术中不同角膜保护剂对眼表的影响

目的:探讨糖尿病患者玻璃体切除术中使用不同角膜保护剂对眼表的影响。方法:将2019-01/2020-01本院拟行玻璃体切除术的糖尿病患者90例90眼随机分为HPMC组、SHSCS组和BSS组,各30例30眼,HPMC组和SHSCS组术中分别使用羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)和透明质酸钠-硫酸软骨素钠(SHSCS)覆盖角膜表面避免角膜干燥,BSS组术中使用平衡盐溶液(BSS)不断滴眼保持角膜湿润。手术前后分别行泪液分泌试验(SⅠt)和泪膜破裂时间(BUT)检查,并测量角膜中央厚度,观察对比其变化情况。结果:术后1wk,1mo,BSS组相比HPMC组、SHSCS组,SⅠt明显增加,BUT明显缩短(均P<0.05);术后1wk,HPMC组相比SHSCS组BUT明显缩短(P<0.05);术后3mo,三组患者SⅠt、BUT较术前均无明显差异(P>0.05)。术后第1d,BSS组相比HPMC组、SHSCS组角膜中央厚度明显增加(均P<0.05);术后1wk,三组患者角膜中央厚度较术前均无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:糖尿病患者行玻璃体切除术中使用HPMC、SHSCS均可以保护角膜,维持泪膜的稳定性,临床上可以根据实际情况选择不同的角膜保护剂。

富血小板纤维蛋白移植在翼状胬肉切除术中的应用

目的:比较富血小板纤维蛋白(PRF)移植和自体角膜缘干细胞移植应用于翼状胬肉切除术的效果。方法:将62例62眼原发性翼状胬肉随机分为第1组(32眼)和第2组(30眼),翼状胬肉切除后,第1组用自体角膜缘干细胞作为移植物,第2组用PRF作为移植物覆盖裸露巩膜。PRF通过术前抽取患者自身静脉血后离心和压制制得。术后随访6mo,评估手术时间、并发症和复发率,并进行组间比较。结果:第1组和第2组的平均手术时间分别为27.3±4.3、22.0±4.0min,两组有差异(t=4.990,P<0.01)。术后第1组未出现肉芽肿,第2组出现肉芽肿1眼,两组无差异(P=0.484)。第1组和第2组术后均复发1眼,两组无差异(P=1.000)。第1组和第2组术前眼压分别为14.69±2.44、14.96±2.93mmHg,两组无差异(t=0.399,P=0.691)。第1组和第2组术后眼压分别为14.68±1.65、15.11±2.12mmHg,两组无差异(t=0.888,P=0.378)。PRF移植组术后PRF膜溶解时间为3.5±0.8d。结论:PRF移植应用于翼状胬肉切除术安全有效,操作更加简单省时,是一种有临床应用前景的方法。

Relationship between the -455G/A and -148C/T polymorphisms in the beta-fibrinogen gene and cerebral infarction in the Xinjiang Uygur and Han Chinese populations

We sought to investigate the correlation between the -455G/A and -148C/T polymorphisms of the β-fibrinogen gene and plasma fibrinogen levels in patients with cerebral infarction and in healthy subjects among the Xinjiang Uygur and Han Chinese populations, by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction enzyme digestion analysis. Results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the distributions of the -455G/A genotype and allele frequency between the Uygurs and the Han. Plasma fibrinogen levels in cerebral infarction patients among the Uygurs and the Han were higher than those among healthy subjects. In particular, the frequencies of the -455G/A AA and -148C/T TT genotypes were significantly higher than in healthy subjects. Individuals carrying the A or T allele had a higher incidence of cerebral infarction compared with those carrying the G or C allele. Our experimental findings indicate that the -148C/T and -455G/A polymorphisms are associated with cerebral infarction in Xinjiang Uygur and Han Chinese subjects. The susceptibility- conferring alleles are -148T and -455A, and the susceptibility-conferring genotype is -455G/A ＋ AA.

Disruption of interstitial cells of Cajal networks after massive small bowel resection

AIM: To investigate the disruptions of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the remaining bowel in rats after massive small bowel resection (mSBR). METHODS: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats fitting entry criteria were divided randomly into three experimental groups (n = 10 each): Group A rats underwent bowel transection and re-anastomosis (sham) and tissue samples were harvested at day 7 post-surgery. Group B and C rats underwent 80% small bowel resection with tissue harvested from Group B rats at day 7 post-surgery, and from Group C rats at day 14 postsurgery. The distribution of ICC at the site of the resid-ual small bowel was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis of small intestine samples. The ultrastructural changes of ICC in the remnant ileum of model rats 7 and 14 d after mSBR were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Intracellular recordings of slow wave oscillations were used to evaluate electrical pacemaking. The protein expression of c-kit, ICC phenotypic markers, and membrane-bound stem cell factor (mSCF) in intestinal smooth muscle of each group were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS: After mSBR, immunohistochemical analysis indicated that the number of c-kit-positive cells was dramatically decreased in Group B rats compared with sham tissues. Significant ultrastructural changes in ICC with associated smooth muscle hypertrophy were also observed. Disordered spontaneous rhythmic contractions with reduced amplitude (8.5 ± 1.4 mV vs 24.8 ± 1.3 mV, P = 0.037) and increased slow wave frequency (39.5 ± 2.1 cycles/min vs 33.0 ± 1.3 cycles/min, P = 0.044) were found in the residual intestinal smooth muscle 7 d post mSBR. The contractile function and electrical activity of intestinal circular smooth muscle returned to normal levels at 14 d post mSBR (amplitude, 14.9 ± 1.6 mV vs 24.8 ± 1.3 mV; frequency, 30.7 ± 1.7 cycles/min vs 33.0 ± 1.3 cycles/min). The expression of Mscf and c-kit protein was decreased at 7 d (P = 0.026), but gradually returned to normal levels at 14 d. The ICC and associated neural networks were disrupted, which was associated with the phenotype alterations of ICC. CONCLUSION: Massive small bowel resection in rats triggered damage to ICC networks and decreased the number of ICC leading to disordered intestinal rhythmicity. The mSCF/c-kit signaling pathway plays a role in the regulation and maintenance of ICC phenotypes.

Clinical analysis of intracranial germinoma's craniospinal irradiation using helical tomotherapy

Objective： To evaluate the short-term clinical outcomes of intracranial germinoma patients treated with craniospinal irradiation （CSI） using helical tomotherapy （HT） system in our center. Methods： Twenty-three patients who were treated with CSI in our center from January 2008 to July 2012 were collected, with an average age of 20. M1 of the patients＇ CSI used the HT system. The total doses were 27-36 Gy/15-20 F （1.5-2 Gy per fraction）, and total local doses were 46-60 Gy/30-50 F （5 fractions per week）. M1 female patients for CSI were treated with left-right parallel-opposed field irradiation to protect their ovarian functions. Median follow-up time was 30.9 months （range, 5-67 months）. The SPSS19.0 software was used, and the overall survival （OS） was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results： Among 17 patients with assessable tumors, 9 cases （52.9%） were CR, 7 cases （41.2%） were PR, and 1 case （5.9%） was SD. Hematological toxicity was the severest side-effect occurred in the procedure of CSI. The level 1-4 acute leukopenia were 8.7%, 30.4%, 34.8% and 21.7% and the level 1-4 acute thrombopenia were 8.7%, 30.4%, 21.7% and 8.7%, respectively. Conclusions： For primary intracranial germinomas, HT can be used to implement CSI for simplifying radiotherapy procedures, improving radiotherapy accuracy, enhancing protection of peripheral organs at risk （ORA） and guaranteeing therapeutic effects. With the acceptable acute and long-term toxicity, CSI using HT in intracranial germinoma patients can be a safe and alternative mode.

Intervention effect and mechanism of curcumin in chronic urinary tract infection in rats

Objective: To analyze the invention effect of curcumin on chronic urinary tract infection in rats and explore its possible mechanism of action. Methods: The experimental animals were randomly divided into three groups, normal, model and curcumin group. Chronic urinary tract infection models were built for model group and curcumin group by injecting coliform fluid into the cavity of bladder. From the first day of modeling, rats in the curcumin group were injected with 150 mg/kg curcumin, while rats in normal group and model group were given no other treatment. The treatment lasted for 14 d. The white blood cell counts in blood and urine, bacterial colony count in urine and renal tubular functional indexes of rats in all groups at day 1, 7, and 14 after treatment were detected. Urine 毬2-microglobulin(毬2-MG), urinary N-acetyl-毬-D glucosaminidase(NAG) levels were used to detected the inflammatory cytokines in serum after treatment including the contents of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1), and real-time PCR was employed to determine the expression of m RNA of toll-like receptor 2(TLR-2) and TLR-4 in renal tissues and bladder tissues of all groups after treatment. Results: The white blood cell counts at day 1 and 7 after treatment in rats of model group and curcumin group were significantly higher than those of normal group at the same time points, while the white blood cell counts of the curcumin group were significantly lower than those of model group(P < 0.05). The urine white blood cell counts in rats of model group at day 1, 7 and 14 were all significantly higher than those of normal group at the same time points; those in the curcumin group were significantly lower than those of the model group at day 1, 7 and 14 at the same time points(P < 0.05). The bacterial colony counts of urine in rats of model group and curcumin group at day 1, 7 and 14 were all significantly higher than those of normal group at the same time points, while the counts of curcumin group were significantly lower than those of model group at the same time points(P < 0.05). Levels of urine 毬2-MG, NAG, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MCP-1 and expression of TLR2 m RNA and TLR4 m RNA in renal and bladder tissues in rats of model group were significantly higher than those of the normal group, while these variables of the cercumin group were significantly higher than those of the normal group but lower than those of model group(P < 0.05). Conclusions: Curcumin can significantly improve the symptoms of chronic urinary tract infections, protect renal tubular function, and also decline inflammatory responses by influencing the expressions of TLR2 m RNA and TLR4 m RNA so as to exert its curative effect on chronic urinary tract infections.

Gastrointestinal sarcoidosis associated with pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis

A 39-year-old male reported fevers,weight loss,watery loose stools,and decreased visual acuity in his right eye over the prior five years.He was pancytopenic,had an elevated American council on exercise level,total bilirubin,and alkaline phosphatase.Computed tomography revealed massive hepatosplenomegaly and emphysematous lung changes.Liver biopsy showed non caseating granulomas.The patient was diagnosed with extrapulmonary sarcoidosis and was treated with prednisone.The patient symptomatically improved but 5 mo later presented with abdominal pain caused by perforation of the cecum.He underwent a cecectomy and pathology revealed pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis.This represents the first reported association between pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis and sarcoidosis.The etiology of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in this case was likely multifactorial and involved both effects of the corticosteroids as well as the advanced nature of the gastrointestinal sarcoidosis.Furthermore this case has the unique features of emphysematous lung changes and pancytopenia which are uncommon with sarcoidosis.

Investigation on poly[(methylsilylene ethynylene phenylene ethynylene)-co-(tetramethyldisiloxane ethynylene phenylene ethynylene)]

Poly[(methylsilylene ethynylene phenylene ethynylene)-co-(tetramethyldisiloxane ethynylene phenylene ethynylene)]was synthesized by polycondensation reaction of m-diethynylbenzene magnesium reagent with 1,3-dichlorotetramethyldisiloxane and dichloromethylsilane.The copolymer was characterized by FT-IR,~1H NMR,differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis.The results show that the copolymer exhibits good processability and cures at low temperatures.The cured copolymer shows high thermal stability.