The Targeting System ofLanguage(《语言的目标定位系统》)是著名认知语言学家Leonard Talmy继《认知语义学》(Talmy 2000a,b)两卷奠基著作之后的又一力作。众所周知,回指(anaphora)和指示(deixis)是传统语言学里常见的两个表示指称的...The Targeting System ofLanguage(《语言的目标定位系统》)是著名认知语言学家Leonard Talmy继《认知语义学》(Talmy 2000a,b)两卷奠基著作之后的又一力作。众所周知,回指(anaphora)和指示(deixis)是传统语言学里常见的两个表示指称的术语。以往对这两个术语的研究侧重对比两者的差异或仅集中关注其中一种指称关系。Talmy的这本新著将“回指”和“指示”这两大指称关系域统一于单一的语言/认知系统,即语言的目标定位系统。该系统归属于Talmy(2000a,b)提出的认知语义学框架中五种图式系统之一的注意系统(attention),也可说是对注意系统的进一步补充和拓展,体现了语言系统与注意系统的交叉和互动及“语言是认知系统”这一重要哲学思想(Talmy 2015;李福印2015)。展开更多
As a speaker communicates with a hearer,the speaker’s attention can come to be on a particular entityher " target"—that she wants to communicate about to the hearer.This target can be located near or far i...As a speaker communicates with a hearer,the speaker’s attention can come to be on a particular entityher " target"—that she wants to communicate about to the hearer.This target can be located near or far in either the speech-external(deictic) or the speech-internal(anaphoric) environment.She thus needs the hearer to know what her intended target is and to have his attention on it jointly with her own.The problem,though,is how to bring this about.She cannot somehow reach into the hearer’s cognition and directly place his focus of attention on her selected target.Language solves this problem by initiating a certain two-stage procedure in the hearer’s cognition.For this function,it uses a specialized set of mostly closed-class lexical forms;" triggers".English triggers include;this/ these,that/those,here,there,yonder,now,then,thus,so,such,yay,thisaway,thataway,personal pronouns, relative pronouns,and tense markers.The speaker initiates the hearer’s procedure by placing a trigger at the relevant point in the current sentence of her discourse.In the first stage,the trigger directs the hearer to find certain elements of information to which he does have ready access.These are "cues" to the speaker’s intended target.Such cues belong to ten distinct categories,representing ten different sources of information.In the second stage,equipped with the cues he has found,the hearer uses them in combination to determine the speaker’s intended target.展开更多
文摘As a speaker communicates with a hearer,the speaker’s attention can come to be on a particular entityher " target"—that she wants to communicate about to the hearer.This target can be located near or far in either the speech-external(deictic) or the speech-internal(anaphoric) environment.She thus needs the hearer to know what her intended target is and to have his attention on it jointly with her own.The problem,though,is how to bring this about.She cannot somehow reach into the hearer’s cognition and directly place his focus of attention on her selected target.Language solves this problem by initiating a certain two-stage procedure in the hearer’s cognition.For this function,it uses a specialized set of mostly closed-class lexical forms;" triggers".English triggers include;this/ these,that/those,here,there,yonder,now,then,thus,so,such,yay,thisaway,thataway,personal pronouns, relative pronouns,and tense markers.The speaker initiates the hearer’s procedure by placing a trigger at the relevant point in the current sentence of her discourse.In the first stage,the trigger directs the hearer to find certain elements of information to which he does have ready access.These are "cues" to the speaker’s intended target.Such cues belong to ten distinct categories,representing ten different sources of information.In the second stage,equipped with the cues he has found,the hearer uses them in combination to determine the speaker’s intended target.
