Present-day Upper-crustal Strain Rate Field in Southeastern Tibet and its Geodynamic Implications:Constraints from GPS Measurements with ABIC Method

The Earth’s surface kinematics and deformation are fundamental to understanding crustal evolution.An effective research approach is to estimate regional motion field and deformation fields based on modern geodetic networks.If the discrete observed velocity field is obtained,the velocity related fields,such as dilatation rate and maximum shear strain rate,can be estimated by applying varied mathematical approaches.This study applied Akaike's Bayesian Information Criterion(ABIC)method to calculate strain rate fields constrained by GPS observations in the southeast Tibetan Plateau.Comparison with results derived from other three methods revealed that our ABIC-derived strain rate fields were more precise.The maximum shear strain rate highlighted the Xianshuihe–Xiaojiang fault system as the main boundary for the outward migration of material in southeastern Tibet,indicating rotation of eastern Tibet material around the eastern Himalaya rather than whole extrusion along a fixed channel.Additionally,distinct dilatation rate patterns in the northeast and southwest regions of the fault system were observed.The northeast region,represented by the Longmenshan area,exhibited negative dilatational anomalies;while the southwest region,represented by the Jinsha River area north of 29°N,displayed positive dilatational anomalies.This indicates compression in the former and extension in the latter.Combined with deep geophysical observations,we believe that the upper and lower crusts of the Jinsha River area north of 29°N are in an entire expanding state,probably caused by the escape-drag effect of material.The presence of a large,low-viscosity region south of 29°N may not enable the entire escape of the crust,but instead result in a differential escape of the lower crust faster than the upper crust.

Types of Enclaves and Their Features and Origins in Intermediate-Acid Intrusive Rocks from the Tongling District, Anhui Province, China

Abstract: Enclaves in intermediate-acid plutons from Tongling can be divided into three types: xenoliths, relics and magmatogenic enclaves. The magmatogenic enclaves consist of cumulates, micrograined dioritite mixtite and dioritic chilled border enclaves. Petrologically, relics with eyed and meta-poikilitic texture are characterized by high content of biotite (>80%) and low content of cordierite and grossular. The cumulates with accumulate texture consist of a great amount of pyroxene, hornblende and minor spinel and phlogopite. The micrograined dioritic mixtite is composed of more hornblendes and feldspar and less needle apatites and an ellipsoid basic core included in plagioclase. The chilled border enclaves have the same mineral association, but more dark minerals than the host rocks consisting of plagioclase, quartz, alkaline feldspar, hornblende and biotite. Geochemically, the relics exhibit high REE content (455.8×10?6) and high ratio of LREE/HREE, more obvious Eu negative anomaly and are rich in Cr and Ni, poor in Ba, Nb and Sr. All kinds of magmatogenic enclaves have the same REE pattern without Eu anomaly, and the total REE is 74.9×10?6 for spinel pyroxene cumulate, 179.7×10?6 for hornblende cumulate, 226.9 × 10?6 for hornblende cumulate crystal, 289.9×10?6 for micrograined dioritic mixtite and 131.2×10?6 for chilled border enclaves. Calculation with the thermometer and barometer for minerals shows that the temperature and pressure of formation are 1126 °C and 8.44 kbar (7.15–9.04 kbar) for the spinel pyroxene cumulate, 1065 °C-1029 °C and 8.23 kbar (7.13–9.50 kbar) for the hornblende pyroxene cumulate, 959 °C and 3.40 kbar (2.86–4.09 kbar) for the micrograined dioritic mixtite enclaves, and 951 °C and 0.59 kbar for the dioritic chilled border enclaves, respectively. Thus, the following conclusions can be drawn. Relic enclaves were derived from the crustal partial melting and all cumulate enclaves originated from deep magma chambers near the Moho in the lower crust, which are cumulate fragments formed by fractional crystallization of basic magma; mixtite came from shallow magma chambers in the middle-upper crust, formed by the mixture of mantle-derived magma and acid magma derived from the crustal partial melting; and the chilled border enclaves came from the border fragments of early intrusive bodies.

Rock Damage Structure of the South Longmen-Shan Fault in the 2008 M8 Wenchuan Earthquake Viewed with Fault-Zone Trapped Waves and Scientific Drilling

This article is to review results from scientific drilling and fault-zone trapped waves （FZTWs） at the south Longman-Shan fault （LSF） zone that ruptured in the 2008 May 12 M8 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan,China.Immediately after the mainshock,two Wenchuan Fault Scientific Drilling （WFSD） boreholes were drilled at WFSD-1 and WFSD-2 sites approximately 400 m and 1 km west of the surface rupture along the Yinxiu-Beichuan fault （YBF）,the middle fault strand of the south LSF zone.Two boreholes met the principal slip of Wenchuan earthquake along the YBF at depths of 589-m and 1230-m,respectively.The slip is accompanied with a 100-200-m-wide zone consisting of fault gouge,breccia,cataclasite and fractures.Close to WFSD-1 site,the nearly-vertical slip of ～4.3-m with a 190-m wide zone of highly fractured rocks restricted to the hanging wall of the YBF was found at the ground surface after the Wenchuan earthquake.A dense linear seismic array was deployed across the surface rupture at this venue to record FZTWs generated by aftershocks.Observations and 3-D finite-difference simulations of FZTWs recorded at this cross-fault array and network stations close to the YBF show a distinct low-velocity zone composed by severely damaged rocks along the south LSF at seismogenic depths.The zone is several hundred meters wide along the principal slip,within which seismic velocities are reduced by ～30-55％ from wall-rock velocities and with the maximum velocity reduction in the ～200-m-wide rupture core zone at shallow depth.The FZTW-inferred geometry and physical properties of the south LSF rupture zone at shallow depth are in general consistent with the results from petrological and structural analyses of cores and well log at WFSD boreholes.We interpret this remarkable low-velocity zone as being a break-down zone during dynamic rupture in the 2008 M8 earthquake.We examined the FZTWS generated by similar earthquakes before and after the 2008 mainshock and observed that seismic velocities within fault core zone was reduced by ～10％ due to severe damage of fault rocks during the M8 mainshock.Scientific drilling and locations of aftershocks generating prominent FZTWs also indicate rupture bifurcation along the YBF and the Anxian-Guangxian fault （AGF）,two strands of the south LSF at shallow depth.A combination of seismic,petrologic and geologic study at the south LSF leads to further understand the relationship between the fault-zone structure and rupture dynamics,and the amplification of ground shaking strength along the low-velocity fault zone due to its waveguide effect.

Last Deglacial Soft-Sediment Deformation at Shawan on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau and Implications for Deformation Processes and Seismic Magnitudes

The eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is characterized by frequent earthquakes; however, research of paleo-earthquakes in the area has been limited^ owing to the alpine topography and strong erosion. Detailed investigations of soft-sediment deformation(SSD) structures are valuable for understanding the trigger mechanisms, deformation processes, and the magnitudes of earthquakes that generate such structures, and help us to understand tectonic activity in the region. To assess tectonic activity during the late Quaternary, we studied a well-exposed sequence of Shawan lacustrine sediments, 7.0 m thick, near Lake Diexi in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River. Deformation is recorded by both ductile structures(load casts, flame structures,pseudonodules, ball-and-pillow structures, and liquefied convolute structures) and brittle structures(liquefied breccia, and microfaults). Taking into account the geodynamic setting of the area and its known tectonic activity, these SSD structures can be interpreted in terms of seismic shocks. The types and forms of the structures,the maximum liquefaction distances, and the thicknesses of the horizons with SSD structures in the Shawan section indicate that they record six strong earthquakes of magnitude 6-7 and one with magnitude >7. A recent study showed that the Songpinggou fault is the seismogenic structure of the 1933 Ms7.5 Diexi earthquake. The Shawan section is located close to the junction of the Songpinggou and Minjiang faults, and records seven earthquakes with magnitudes of ?7. We infer,therefore, that the SSD structures in the Shawan section document deglacial activity along the Songpinggou fault.

The First Quantitative Slip-Rate Estimated Along the Ashikule Fault at the Western Segment of the Altyn Tagh Fault System

As one of the longest strike-slip fault in Asia,the Altyn Tagh Fault（ATF）defines the northern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau and plays a significant role inaccommodating the deformation resulting from the IndiaAsia convergence.

A New Insight into the Influence of Composition of Fault Rocks on Aseismic and Seismic Fault Slip

Active faults can slip either slowly and continuously by aseismic creep, or abruptly by a seismic event. Both slip modes of faults are closely related to the composition of fault rocks. However, the actual materials resulting in differences of slip behavior remain uncertain. The Guanxian-Anxian fault (GAF) characterized by long-term aseismic creep and the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault (YBF) slipping by large earthquakes in the Longmen Shan fault zone (LSFZ) are ideal examples for exploring the above issues. Here, in the light of observation and component analyses, we find that the distribution of carbonate minerals in both faults is distinct.

Satellite Thermal Infrared Earthquake Precursor to the Wenchuan M_s 8.0 Earthquake in Sichuan,China,and its Analysis on Geo-dynamics

Based on an interpretation and study of the satellite remote-sensing images of FY-2C thermal infrared 1st wave band （10.3-11.3 μm） designed in China, the authors found that there existed obvious and isolated satellite thermal infrared anomalies before the 5.12 Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake. These anomalies had the following characteristics： （1） The precursor appeared rather early： on March 18, 2008, i.e., 55 days before the earthquake, thermal infrared anomalies began to occur; （2） The anomalies experienced quite many and complex evolutionary stages： the satellite thermal infrared anomalies might be divided into five stages, whose manifestations were somewhat different from each other. The existence of so many anomaly stages was probably observed for the first time in numerous cases of satellite thermal infrared research on earthquakes; （3） Each stage lasted quite a long time, with the longest one spanning 13 days; （4） An evident geothermal anomaly gradient was distributed along the Longmen seismic fracture zone, and such a phenomenon might also be discovered for the first time in satellite thermal infrared earthquake research. This discovery is therefore of great guiding and instructive significance in the study of the earthquake occurrence itself and the trend of the postearthquake phenomena.

Application of the Material Balance Method in Paleoelevation Recovery: A Case Study of the Longmen Mountains Foreland Basin on the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau

We applied the material balance principle of the denudation volume and sedimentary flux to study the denudation-accumulation system between the Longmen Mountains （Mts.） and the foreland basin. The amount of sediment in each sedimentation stage of the basin was estimated to obtain the denudation volume, erosion thickness and deposit thickness since the Late Triassic Epoch, to enable us to recover the paleoelevation of the provenance and the sedimentary area. The results show the following： （1） Since the Late Triassic Epoch, the elevation of the surface of the Longmen Mts. has uplifted from 0 m to 2751 m, and the crust of the Longmen Mts. has uplifted by 9.8 km. Approximately 72% of the materials introduced have been denuded from the mountains. （2） It is difficult to recover the paleoelevation of each stage of the Longmen Mts. foreland basin quantitatively by the present-day techniques and data. （3） The formation of the Longmen Mts. foreland basin consisted of three stages of thrust belt tectonic load and three stages of thrust belt erosional unload. During tectonic loading stages （Late Triassic Epoch, Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous-Miocene）, the average elevation of Longmen Mts. was lower （approximately 700-1700 m）. During erosional unloading stages （Early and Middle Jurassic, Middle Cretaceous and Jiaguan, Late Cenozoic）, the average elevation of Longmen Mts. was high at approximately 2000-2800m.

Shallow Structure of the Crust in the Sulu-Dabie Region,China and its Seismotectonic Implication

The P-wave velocity structure in the shallow crust is investigated in and around the Sulu-Dabie region by using seismic reflection data for deep soundings in 48 survey profiles and from rock velocity determinations.The observed velocity distributions show obvious heterogeneities in this region.The low velocity anomalies are observed mainly in the west of the Dabie region and the East Sea regions.The high velocity anomalies emerge in the shallow crust of the Sulu and Dabie orogeny.These high-velocity anomalies can be attributed to the ultra-high pressure metamorphosed(UHPM)rock formed by exhumation motion of mantle materials during the orogeny.The high-velocity anomalies in the different shallow layers beneath the Sulu region are located to the northeast of the Tan-Lu fault.The high-velocity anomalies beneath the Dabie region are located southwest of the Tan-Lu fault.Such a distribution pattern of velocity anomaly zones may reveal historical motion of a left-lateral strike-slip for the Tan-Lu fault,which differs from the result of a right-lateral strike-slip motion regime known from modern seismology,indicating a more complex tectonic motion along the Tan-Lu fault.

The Major Two-stage Shortening Deformation of the Northern Tibet and Tian Shan Area Since the Latest Oligocene

It seems to be progressively recognized that the stress of the India-Asia convergent front can be transferred rapidly through the southern and central Tibetan lithosphere to the northern Tibet, hence leading to the crustal thickening deformation there during or immediately after the onset of the India-Asia collision（ca.55 Ma）.This study focuses on the late Cenozoic deformation and tectonic uplift of the northern Tibet and Tian Shan area.Detailed compilations of a variety of proxy data from sediments and bedrocks suggest that the northern Tibet and Tian Shan area underwent one stage of approximately synchronous widespread contractile deformation since 25–20 Ma, which seemed to decrease at circa 18 Ma as revealed by low-temperature thermochronological data.The latest Oligocene-early Miocene was also significant basin-forming episodes when many intermontane subbasins began to receive syntectonic sedimentation in the northeastern Tibet.Subsequently, the other phase of compressional deformation began to encroach more widely into the northern Tibet and Tian Shan area in episodic steps or continuously from 16–12 Ma to present.

β-水芹烯异构制备α-松油烯的研究

对β-水芹烯酸催化异构制备α-松油烯的工艺进行了研究,结果表明:三甲基溴硅烷(TMSBr)因酸性适中对β-水芹烯表现出良好催化效果,但其对α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、苧烯和异松油烯等单萜烯催化效果不佳;助剂30%(质量分数)H_(2)O_(2)因其所含的水可使TMSBr转化为H+从而催化异构反应进行,并通过对H+的扩散作用减少副反应发生,此外H_(2)O_(2)自身酸性对反应起到辅助催化效应,这3方面特性极大提升了反应效率。β-水芹烯异构制备α-松油烯的较佳工艺条件为:β-水芹烯0.1 mol、TMSBr 0.002 mol、30%H_(2)O_(2)0.1 mol、反应温度100℃、反应时间6 h,此条件下原料转化率为88.4%,产物选择性为94.0%。

云南某含碳低磷中镁高硅磷矿浮选实验研究

云南某磷矿呈深灰色,矿石中含有无机碳源(石墨),w(P_(2)O_(5))为19.50%,w(MgO)为3.48%,w(SiO_(2))为30.41%,属低磷中镁高硅磷矿。采用一次脱碳浮选、一次脱硅粗选,一次脱硅扫选,一次脱镁浮选、脱硅扫选中矿返回脱硅粗选的闭路工艺,可以得到精矿w(P_(2)O_(5))为28.81%,P_(2)O_(5)回收率为57.75%的选别指标,实现了该类磷矿资源的有效回收,为同类矿产资源回收利用提供了借鉴。

A Comparison Study of Synkinematic Illite Isolation,Quantitative X-ray Powder Diffraction,and K-Ar Dating for Direct Fault Gouge Analyses

K-Ar dating of synkinematic illite is increasingly recognized as a central method to constrain the timing of shallow crustal faulting.Methods of efficient sample preparation and quantitative identification of illite polytypes are critical to acquiring K-Ar isotope data for authigenic clays.In this respect,we compared the commonly used clay size separation method through centrifugation with vacuum filtration technology,showing that the former is prone to extract fractions with finer particle sizes under similar conditions,thus improving the error in the authigenic end-member age.Additionally,we demonstrated that the side-packed mounting method for X-ray diffraction analysis can significantly enhance the randomness in powder samples,thus improving the quantification accuracy compared with the front-packed and back-packed methods.The validity of our quantification method was confirmed by comparing Profex■modeling patterns with a suite of synthetic mixtures of known compositions,yielding an average analytical error of 3%.Dating results of these artificial mixtures and the reference materials indicated that a large range in percentages of detrital illite and a sufficient amount of age data will produce reliable results for ages of both extrapolated end-members.However,if the range is limited,the extrapolated age close to those of datasets is still reliable.

UAV SfM技术在活动构造研究中的应用——以青藏高原西北部龙木错断裂为例

为探讨搭载与未搭载实时动态差分技术/动态后处理技术(RTK/PPK)模块的无人机平台通过运动恢复结构(SfM)方法处理获得的数字高程模型(DEM)数据质量差异,以及建立不同无人机平台野外数据采集和室内数据处理过程的快速流程,利用大疆经纬M 300 RTK无人机(搭载禅思L1激光雷达(LiDAR)和测绘相机)与大疆精灵4 Pro无人机(搭载可见光相机)分别对青藏高原西北部龙木错断裂上1处位错阶地进行了数据采集,获得了该处高分辨率、高精度DEM数据和数字正射影像图(DOM)数据。对比结果显示,M 300 RTK无人机平台L1负载系统获得的LiDAR和SfM地形数据精度接近,两者在约100 m的飞行高度获得的DEM数据在水平和垂直方向的均方差分别为0.135 m、0.111 m和0.201 m、0.180 m;无RTK模块的精灵4 Pro无人机获取的DEM数据虽然绝对精度较差(水平和垂直方向均方差分别为1.707 m和249.280 m),但其反映的相对地形与实际地形接近,经过地面控制点校正后精度可以达到分米级。研究表明,RTK SfM技术克服了使用地面控制点的局限性,为活动构造研究领域微地貌测量提供了更高精度、更高效率的解决方案。当对测区的绝对三维坐标要求不高,仅需相对的地形起伏时,未搭载RTK模块的无人机也能够在无地面控制点约束的情况下满足地貌位错测量基本需求。

龙门山断裂带晚三叠世大地震的孕震深度和环境的岩石磁学证据

假玄武玻璃可以形成于深部孕震带到近地表的不同深度,确定其形成深度对揭示断裂带力学性质和大地震孕震环境具有重要意义。本文以龙门山映秀-北川断裂带南段八角庙出露的晚三叠世假玄武玻璃及其围岩(碎裂岩和初碎裂岩)为研究对象,通过岩石磁学、显微结构和地球化学测试,探讨了龙门山断裂带晚三叠世大地震的孕震深度和孕震环境。岩石磁学结果表明,假玄武玻璃和碎裂岩中主要磁性矿物是磁铁矿、单斜磁黄铁矿和顺磁性矿物;初碎裂岩中主要磁性矿物是磁铁矿和顺磁性矿物。假玄武玻璃具有高磁化率值特征,其形成的主要原因是顺磁性矿物在同震摩擦热作用下生成了磁铁矿和单斜磁黄铁矿。磁性矿物的转换过程指示了含有硫化物的弱流体作用的还原性的孕震环境。热磁曲线(χ-T)测试结果揭示了初碎裂岩在自然界中经历的最高温度约为275~300℃,根据地温梯度推算初碎裂岩和假玄武玻璃的形成深度为12.8~14.0km。根据孕震深度、假玄武玻璃构特征和地震机制估算,龙门山断裂带孕震深度的正应力σ≤240.2~264.1MPa,剪应力τ≤144.1~158.5MPa。龙门山断裂带在其漫长的演化过程中发生了多次大地震活动,其中在孕震深度(<14km)固结的碎裂岩带内形成的假玄武玻璃比较容易保存在地震断裂带内,并记录了深部较强的应力特征和弱流体作用的还原性环境。

青藏高原大型地震断裂带的变形机制

近年来,大震频发,地震发生机制和地震断裂作用的研究已成为当今社会的重大课题,而断裂带的变形机制,尤其是大型地震断裂带的变形机制是认识断裂活动性和地震发生机制的关键。本文通过介绍青藏高原东缘龙门山断裂带和鲜水河断裂带的最新研究成果,探讨青藏高原大型地震断裂带的变形机制,主要认识如下:(1)汶川地震使不同性质断层同时破裂,并在地壳浅部(~732.6 m深度)富流体断层泥中发生了熔融作用,颠覆了地震的传统认识,深化了对浅部断层力学性质的认识。(2)龙门山断裂带映秀—北川断裂带在晚三叠世曾经发生Mw7.4~7.9级的逆冲-左行走滑大地震,断裂岩的高磁化率各向异性度值指示了大地震活动。(3)汶川—茂县断裂带在新生代时期存在三期不同构造变形,青藏高原东缘不存在下地壳隧道流模式。(4)龙门山断裂带汶川—茂县断裂带曾经发生了摩擦热温度>500℃的大地震活动,孕震环境为还原性的含有硫化物的低温热液流体环境。(5)强震频发的鲜水河断裂带是藏东南物质外迁的主要边界,具有长期蠕滑变形行为,流体作用较强,流体的注入明显提高断层核部强矿物含量,促进了蠕滑断层的局部变强。上述认识丰富和完善了断裂作用理论,提高了对青藏高原大型地震断裂带变形机制的认识,为断裂带活动性、地震发生机制、地震危险性评估和防震减灾提供了科学依据。

川西马尔康地区李家沟锂辉石伟晶岩同构造侵位记录:来自白云母和锂辉石显微构造的证据

中国西部松潘-甘孜造山带广泛分布晚三叠世-早侏罗世花岗伟晶岩型锂矿床。理清该时期锂辉石伟晶岩脉形成的构造地质背景及其侵位过程对于未来勘探找矿具有重要意义。本文以川西李家沟晚三叠世-早侏罗世锂辉石伟晶岩为例,在详细的野外观测和显微构造分析基础上,聚焦伟晶岩脉中白云母和锂辉石两种矿物的显微结构和构造特征。研究发现白云母主要有两种类型,一种是分布于锂辉石破裂处,具有自形、板条状特征;另一种白云母主要分布于相邻锂辉石晶体的边缘,并发生明显的弯折、沿解理面的滑动、晶内破裂、重结晶造成的晶内及边缘新晶粒生成,以及云母鱼等现象,为典型的韧-脆性变形特征。锂辉石呈巨晶状,表现出脆、韧性两种变形特征。脆性变形主要是晶内破裂,破裂处被晚期结晶的白云母、石英等充填;韧性变形特征包括晶体弯曲、双晶纹错动、双晶纹一端变细或尖灭等。这些显微结构、构造证据表明锂辉石伟晶岩脉完全结晶固结之前发生脆、韧性变形,是吸收了区域构造应力的结果。区域调查发现围岩地层中顺层侵位的同构造无矿伟晶岩脉与部分切层含矿伟晶岩脉为连通关系,指示二者为同源岩浆、同期侵位。此外,李家沟矿区井下工作发现大部分锂辉石伟晶岩脉都是侵位在三叠系变沉积地层褶皱的核部,靠近伟晶岩脉的围岩变形面理平行或小角度斜交二者接触面。以上证据表明李家沟锂辉石伟晶岩脉形成于造山挤压背景下,即锂辉石伟晶岩为同构造岩浆侵位的产物。

鲜水河断裂带炉霍段北部断裂岩特征与变形行为研究

鲜水河断裂带是中国陆内活动性最强、强震频率最高的活动断裂之一,断裂岩以及大地测量学研究发现该断裂带可能具有广泛的蠕滑变形。研究该断裂带几何结构和变形行为有助于认识蠕滑与粘滑机制,并为评估其强震危险性提供关键科学依据。本文以鲜水河断裂带炉霍段北部断层剖面及其中的断裂岩为研究对象,通过野外地质调查、显微构造观察、扫描电镜以及X射线衍射(XRD)分析等方法,对断裂带的几何结构、断裂岩物理特征与矿物组成等开展了详细分析。结果显示,炉霍段北部的最新主断面位于断裂变形带东部边界,走向N110°,倾向北东,倾角约50°,具有左行走滑兼正断的运动学特征;主断面附近的断层泥相对发育,上盘以棕色为主,宽约3cm,下盘以黑色为主,宽约20~30cm,成分主要为粘土矿物和石英。靠近主断面强矿物含量达70%以上,矿物颗粒均以棱角状、长条状为主,存在矿物颗粒被截切形成平直截切面的现象,指示其应以粘滑变形行为为主;断裂带内的断层泥透镜体则显示,粘土矿物含量极高(>60%),定向明显且面理发育,Al和K元素富集等现象,指示可能存在前期蠕滑变形行为。上述结果指示,鲜水河断裂带炉霍段可能经历了从蠕滑到粘滑变形行为的转变。以上研究结果与鲜水河断裂带以高角度左行走滑,广泛存在蠕滑变形的认识不同,表明断裂带变形行为存在明显的空间分布不一致的特征,除了围岩性质和流体作用以外,断裂的空间几何结构也是重要的控制因素。新的研究结果可以为更深入了解大型走滑断裂带变形行为、孕震机制以及未来强震危险性提供科学依据。

重力插值重构在重力匹配导航中的应用研究

重力匹配导航的定位精度与重力基准图分辨率紧密相关,重力基准图可以通过插值算法细化重构,提高分辨率。为了验证重力基准图的细化重构是否可以有效提高定位精度,对多面函数插值法、Shepard插值法及综合Shepard插值法的插值效果进行了比较分析,并采用这3种插值算法对重力基准图进行细化重构,选用地形轮廓匹配(TERCOM)算法和迭代最近等值线点(ICCP)算法作为重力匹配算法,通过海上船测数据的离线仿真验证了插值处理后重力基准图的重力匹配导航效果。试验结果表明,使用3种插值算法将重力图分辨率由1′×1′提高到0.5′×0.5′后,TERCOM算法和ICCP算法的定位精度分别提升了约30%和20%,但分辨率提高到0.25′×0.25′后,定位精度不再有明显提升。此外,3种插值算法的插值效果虽不尽相同,但导航结果却具有一致性,试验结果也表明,当基准图分辨率提升仅为1倍时,插值算法的选择对导航结果影响甚微。

磷尾矿工艺矿物学特征与资源化利用可行性分析

为充分了解磷尾矿的矿石性质,为磷尾矿的资源化利用提供技术思路,利用MLA、偏光显微镜、电子扫描显微镜(SEM)、粒度分析仪,研究云南某磷尾矿的矿物组成、主要矿物颗粒和有害杂质的赋存状态、嵌布特征、共生关系和粒度分布等矿物学特征。结果表明,磷尾矿粒度较细,作为土壤调理剂,或提供钙、镁源作为生产含镁或含钙物质的原料时,具有粒度较细,无需研磨的优势,但不利于充填体强度的增加;磷尾矿中含有大量的钙、镁、磷等中量元素,同时重金属含量均低于肥料中有毒有害物质的限量要求(GB384002019);有害杂质As和Pb在磷尾矿中的粒度分布具有两边高、中间低的趋势,可以考虑分级的方式脱除富集As和Pb的粒级;磷尾矿中的磷灰石含量较少,且单体解离度低,难以通过浮选分离;磷尾矿中重金属Pb主要赋存于方铅矿和白铅矿中,分配率分别为74.68%和25.32%,方铅矿和白铅矿单体解离度高,绝大部分为单体颗粒,有利于分离;重金属砷赋存于褐铁矿中,褐铁矿单体解离率极低(33.79%),不利于矿石脱砷。试验通过工艺矿物学研究,分析了磷尾矿的矿物学特征与其资源化利用的关系,并提出有害杂质脱除的最优方法,对磷尾矿的资源化利用具有重要意义。