广东省农业科学院水稻耕作栽培研究60年:成就与展望

过去60年广东省农业科学院水稻耕作与栽培研究取得了显著的成就。在理论研究方面,对广东水稻种植区划、水稻分蘖与幼穗发育、光温反应特性、高产栽培叶色变化、光能利用、抗倒伏机理等开展了比较系统的研究,丰富了水稻耕作栽培科学理论。在耕作栽培技术方面,1950—970年代在广泛调研总结群众经验的基础上,形成了全国著名的“潮汕经验”,大幅提升了广东水稻单产,并对我国水稻栽培学科发展产生了深远影响;1980—1990年代先后研发建立了水稻高产稳产栽培技术规程和水稻抛秧及配套技术,实现了水稻栽培技术的规范化;进入21世纪,研发出水稻“三控”施肥技术、超级稻强化栽培技术和多熟高效农作制模式及配套技术,实现了水稻产量和资源利用效率的协同提高。这些研究成果及其大面积应用,为广东水稻产业发展、保障粮食安全、增加农民收入做出了重大贡献,对今后工作具有重要的启示和指导作用。近年来,广东省农业科学院水稻耕作栽培研究朝着资源节约型、环境友好型、机械化、轻简化、标准化和高效化(即“两型四化”)方向发展,在机械化育插秧、直播稻、再生稻栽培等方面取得了显著进展。今后广东水稻耕作栽培研究要继续围绕产业科技问题,加强理论创新和关键技术攻关,促进水稻产业转型升级,服务乡村振兴。

Field Efficacy Trial and Optimum Control Period of Rice False Smut(Ustilaginoidea virens) in Single Cropping Middle-late Rice

[Objective]The paper was to study optimum chemical agents and control periods against rice false smut( Ustilaginoidea virens) in single cropping middle-late rice. [Method]Taking chemical agents( triadimefon,armure,Jinggangmycin) as main treatments and spraying periods( within 7 d before initial heading stage,within 7 d before initial heading stage + initial heading stage,initial heading stage) as assisted treatments,the field efficacy trial and optimum control period of U. virens in single cropping middle-late rice were studied using Huanghuazhan and Jinnongsimiao as experimental materials in 2013. [Result] Three chemical agents,triadimefon,armure,Jinggangmycin,extremely reduced diseased panicle rate and disease index of U. virens,but there was no significant difference among three chemical agents. Spraying period did not have significant impact on diseased panicle rate and disease index of U. virens,whereas spraying within7 d before initial heading stage and during initial heading stage had relatively good control effect. Yield increased significantly after application of three chemical agents,and armure led to greater increase. The reason for yield increase was that seed setting rate was significantly increased,and the number of filled grains per panicle was significantly increased. Although spraying period influenced yield,the difference was not significant. [Conclusion] Triadimefon,armure and Jinggangmycin had good control effects against U. virens in single cropping middle-late rice,of which armure had better control effects. Spraying chemical agents increased seed setting rate,and further increased the number of filled grains per panicle and yield. Spraying within 7 d before initial heading stage and during initial heading stage had relatively better control effect against U. virens.

Chemical Weeding in Dry Direct Seeding Fields of Single Cropping Middlelate Rice

Chemical weeding in dry direct seeding fields of single cropping middle-late rice was studied in Huida vegetable farm of Huizhou City in 2012. The main treatment was herbicide（ pretilachlor ＋ bensulfuron-methyl,Yangguo and butachlor）,and the sub-treatment was application method（ soil treatments,seedling treatment and integrated treatment）. The results showed that 80 g pretilachlor ＋ bensulfuron-methyl（ 36% pretilachlor ＋ 4% bensulfuron-methyl） diluted with 50 kg water could be sprayed or 200 g Yangguo（ 23. 9% butachlor ＋ 1. 1% bensulfuron-methyl） mixed with 15 kg sandy soil could be broadcasted per 667 m2 on the sowing day or the second day under moist condition of soil,which could effectively control weeds in dry direct seeding fields of single cropping middle-late rice.