Mechanism of aqueous fructus aurantii immaturus extracts in neuroplexus of cathartic colons

AIM: To examine the effect of aqueous fructus aurantii immaturus(FAI) extracts on the intestinal plexus of cathartic colons.METHODS: Cathartic colons were induced in rats with dahuang,a laxative used in traditional Chinese medicine. Once the model was established(after approximately 12 wk),rats were administered mosapride(1.54 mg/kg) or various doses of aqueous FAI extracts(1-4 g/kg) for 14 d. Transit function was assessed using an ink propulsion test. Rats were then sacrificed,and the ultramicrostructure of colonic tissue was examined using transmission electron microscopy. The expression of the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4(5-HTR4) and neurofilament-H was assessed in colon tissues using real-time PCR,Western blot,and immunohistochemistry.RESULTS: Mosapride and high dose(4 g/kg) of aqueous FAI extracts significantly improved the bowel movement in cathartic colons compared to untreated model colons as measured by the intestinal transit rate(70.06 ± 7.25 and 72.02 ± 8.74,respectively,vs 64.12 ± 5.19; P < 0.05 for both). Compared to controls,the ultramicrostructure of cathartic colons showed signsof neural degeneration. Treatment with mosapride and aqueous FAI extracts resulted in recovery of ultrastructural pathology. Treatment with mosapride alone upregulated the gene and protein expression of 5-HTR4 compared to untreated controls(P < 0.05 for both). Treatment with aqueous FAI extracts(≥ 2 g/kg) increased 5-HTR4 m RNA levels(P < 0.05),but no change in protein level was observed by Western blot or immunohistochemistry. The m RNA and protein levels of neurofilament-H were significantly increased with mosapride and ≥ 2 g/kg aqueous FAI extracts compared to controls(P < 0.05 for all).CONCLUSION: Aqueous FAI extracts and mosapride strengthen bowel movement in cathartic colons via increasing the expression of 5-HTR4 and neurofilament-H.

Case report of primary splenic angiosarcoma with hepatic metastases

Primary splenic angiosarcoma(PSA) is the most unusual type of malignancy with early multifocal metastasis through hematogenous spread. PSA is generally believed to originate from splenic sinusoidal vascular endothelium with a high rate of metastasis and to have a poor prognosis. Its etiology and pathogenetic mechanisms have not yet been clearly described. Thus far, only approximately 200 cases have been reported. PSA has variable symptomatology with the potential to present with life-threatening complications. The diagnosis of PSA is challenging; and often late. PSA should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with splenomegaly and anemia of unknown etiology. Surgical treatment with splenectomy is considered the only curative intervention for potential long-term disease-free survival. Early diagnosis and treatment are very important. It is important that clinical doctors improve the understanding of PSA. Herein, we report one rare case of PSA with hepatic metastases, along with a review of the current literature.

Complicated Bosworth fracture-dislocation:A case report and review of the literature

Bosworth fracture and dislocation is relatively rare,accounting for about 1%of ankle fractures.It is characterized by the proximal fibula fracture embedded in the posterolateral distal tibia.Due to an insufficient understanding of this fracture,it is easy to cause missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis in clinical practice.Due to the insertion of the fracture,it is challenging to perform closed reduction,and improper treatment is easy to cause complications.Surgical treatment is recommended for this type of fracture.In order to improve the understanding of orthopedic surgeons about Bosworth fracture and dislocation,this paper reports the diagnosis and treatment of 2 cases of Bosworth fracture and dislocation,and reviews the literature on Bosworth fracture's mechanism,diagnosis,classification,complications,and treatment options in recent years.

Identification and characterization of odorant binding proteins in the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella

Odorant binding proteins(OBPs)are a group of soluble proteins functioning as odorant carriers in insect antennae,mouth parts and other chemosensory organs.However,multiple insect OBPs have been detected in other tissues and various functions have been proposed.Therefore,a detailed expression profile including stages,tissues and sexes where OBPs are expressed will assist in building the links to their potential functions,enhancing the functional studies of insect OBPs.Here,we identified 39 putative OBP genes from its genome and transcriptome sequences of diamondback moth(DBM),Plutella xylostella.The expression patterns of identified PxylOBPs were further investigated from eggs,larvae,pupae,virgin adults,mated adults,larval midgut,larval heads,adult antennae,adult heads and adult tarsi.Moreover,P.xylostella larvae and adults with and without host plants for 5 h were utilized to study the interactions between OBP expression and host plants.The results showed that most PxylOBPs were highly expressed in male and female adult antennae.The expression levels of certain PxyOBPs could be regulated by mating activities and feeding host plants.This study advances our knowledge of P.xylostella OBPs,which may help develop new strategies for more environmentally sustainable management of P.xylostella.