阿司匹林肠溶片的制备及体内外评价

目的 制备阿司匹林肠溶片并考察它的体内外释药特性。方法 采用粉末直压法压片,以肠溶材料L30D-55水分散体、滑石粉和枸橼酸三乙酯(1∶1∶0.1)制备阿司匹林肠溶片包衣液固含量为20%,进行肠溶包衣,阿司匹林肠溶片包衣增重范围为15%~20%,制得0.1 g阿司匹林肠溶片,即自制制剂(T)。以0.1 g拜阿司匹林肠溶片(Bayaspirin^(R))为参比制剂(R),考察2种制剂的体外释放和体内餐后药动学行为。结果 阿司匹林肠溶片T与R的体外释放曲线f_(2)相似因子均大于50;检测物乙酰水杨酸的C_(max)、AUC_(0-t)和AUC_(0-∞)均满足相应的RSABE或ABE生物等效性评价标准。结论 T与R的体外释放和体内餐后药动学行为具有较好的一致性。

Cocoon-shaped P3-type K0.5Mn0.7Ni0.3O2 as an advanced cathode material for potassium-ion batteries

Potassium ion batteries(PIBs)are emerging as potential next-generation energy storage systems on account of their low cost and high theoretical energy density.Nevertheless,they also face challenges of low specific capacity and suboptimal cycling stability.Herein,we synthesize a cocoon-like P3-type K_(0.5)Mn_(0.7)Ni_(0.3)O_(2)(KMNO)cathode material by a self-template method.The KMNO cocoons possess a hierarchical layered architecture composed of nanoparticle stacking,which can accelerate the transport kinetics of potassium ions,mitigate the stress caused by K^(+)intercalation and deintercalation,and improve structural stability.In addition,Ni can not only alleviate the Jahn-Teller distortion and suppress the phase transition to stabilize the structure,but also act as an electrochemically active element,providing the capacity of two electrons from Ni2+to Ni4+.Combining the advantages of structure and nickel substitution,the P3-type KMNO cocoons are used for electrochemical performance testing of PIB cathodes,delivering an excellent rate capability of 57.1 m A h g^(-1)at 500 m A g^(-1)and a remarkable cycling stability of 77.0%over 300 cycles at 100 m A g^(-1).Impressively,the KMNO cocoons//pitch-derived soft carbon assembled full battery exhibits superior electrochemical performance with a reversible capacity of 79.7 m A h g^(-1)at 50 m A g^(-1).Moreover,ex-situ XRD also further reveals a solid solution phase reaction with a volume change of only 1.46%.This work furnishes a suitable approach to fabricating highperformance layered oxide cathodes for PIBs with outstanding cycling stability and rate capability.

KVPO_(4)F/carbon nanocomposite with highly accessible active sites and robust chemical bonds for advanced potassium-ion batteries

KVPO_(4)F(KVPF)has been extensively investigated as the potential cathode material for potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)owing to its high theoretical capacity,superior operating voltage,and three-dimensional Kt conduction pathway.Nevertheless,the electrochemical behavior of KVPF is limited by the inherent poor electronic conductivity of the phosphate framework and unstable electrode/electrolyte interface.To address the above issues,this work proposes an infiltration-calcination method to confine the in-situ grown KVPF into the mesoporous carbon CMK-3(denoted KVPF@CMK-3).The assembled KVPF@CMK-3 nanocomposite features three-dimensional interconnected carbon channels,which not only offer abundant active sites and significantly accelerate K t/electron transport,but also prevent the growth of KVPF nanoparticle agglomerates,hence stabilizing the structure of the material.Additionally,V–F–C bonds are created at the interface of KVPF and CMK-3,which reduce the loss of F and stabilize the electrode interface.Thus,when tested as a cathode material for PIBs,the KVPF@CMK-3 nanocomposite delivers superior reversible capacitiy(103.2 mAh g^(-1) at 0.2 C),outstanding rate performance(90.1 mAh g^(-1) at 20 C),and steady cycling performance(92.2 mAh g^(-1) at 10 C and with the retention of 88.2%after 500 cycles).Moreover,its potassium storage mechanism is further examined by ex-situ XRD and ex-situ XPS techniques.The above synthetic strategy demonstrates the potential of KVPF@CMK-3 to be applied as the cathode for PIBs.

Coupling Ternary Selenide SnSb_(2)Se_(4) with Graphene Nanosheets for High-Performance Potassium-Ion Batteries

Although chalcogenide anodes possess higher potassium storage capacity than intercalated-based graphite,their drastic volume change and the irreversible electrochemical reactions still hinder the effective electron/ion transfer during the potassiation/depotassiation process.To solve the above problems,this article proposes the synthesis of a lamellar nanostructure where graphene nanosheets are embedded with SnSb_(2)Se_(4)nanoparticles(SnSb_(2)Se_(4)/GNS).In the product,fine monodisperse SnSb_(2)Se_(4)nanoparticles are coupled with graphene nanosheets to form a porous network framework,which can effectively mitigate the drastic volume changes during electrode reactions and guarantee efficient potassium-ion storage through the synergistic interactions among multiple elements.Various electrochemical analyses prove that SnSb_(2)Se_(4)inherits the advantages of the binary Sb2Se3 and SnSe while avoiding their disadvantages,confirming the synergistic effect of the ternary–chalcogenide system.When tested for potassium storage,the obtained composite delivers a high specific capacity of 368.5 mAh g^(-1)at 100 mA g^(-1)and a stable cycle performance of 265.8 mAh g^(-1)at 500 mA g^(-1)over 500 cycles.Additionally,the potassium iron hexacyanoferrate cathode and the SnSb_(2)Se_(4)/GNS anode are paired to fabricate the potassium-ion full cell,which shows excellent cyclic stability.In conclusion,this strategy employs atomic doping and interface interaction,which provides new insights for the design of high-rate electrode materials.

Synthesis of multicore-shell FeS_(2)@C nanocapsules for stable potassiumion batteries

Transition-metal sulfides are widely used as anodes for potassium-ion batteries(PIBs) due to their low cost and high theoretical capacity.The practical application of such materials,however,is still impeded by their inherent low conductivity and obvious volume change during cycling.Herein,a flexible etchassisted sulfidation strategy is reported.According to the strategy,the multicore-shell(MCS) nanocapsule structure is constructed,and then mesoporous FeS2 nanoparticles are encapsulated in the hollow carbon shell with adjustable interior space.The product,MCS-FeS2@C-20,not only features optimized inner space,but also delivers a large reversible capacity(519 mAh g^(-1) at a current density of 50 mA g^(-1)),good rate capability(107 mAh g^(-1) at a high current density of 5 A g^(-1)) and excellent cycling stability(capacity retention rate of 84.2% over 500 cycles at 0.5 A g^(-1)),making it the promising anode material for PIBs.Notably,potassium-ion full cells(MCS-FeS_(2)@C-20//K_(0.4)CoO_(2)) also show an improved potassium storage performance.

“Sentinel or accomplice”:gut microbiota and microglia crosstalk in disorders of gut-brain interaction

Abnormal brain-gut interaction is considered the core pathological mechanism behind the disorders of gut-brain interaction(DGBI),in which the intestinal microbiota plays an important role.Microglia are the“sentinels”of the central nervous system(CNS),which participate in tissue damage caused by traumatic brain injury,resist central infection and participate in neurogenesis,and are involved in the occurrence of various neurological diseases.With in-depth research on DGBI,we could find an interaction between the intestinal microbiota and microglia and that they are jointly involved in the occurrence of DGBI,especially in individuals with comorbidities of mental disorders,such as irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).This bidirectional regulation of microbiota and microglia provides a new direction for the treatment of DGBI.In this review,we focus on the role and underlying mechanism of the interaction between gut microbiota and microglia in DGBI,especially IBS,and the corresponding clinical application prospects and highlight its potential to treat DGBI in individuals with psychiatric comorbidities.

将Cu_(2)S超细纳米粒子均匀植入碳纳米线以实现高效钾离子电池负极

由于其高容量和丰富的资源,过渡金属硫化物(TMS)已被证明是钾离子电池具有吸引力的负极材料之一.然而,TMS通常受到导电性差和体积膨胀大的限制,可能导致结构不稳定和电池循环性能差.本工作通过将超小Cu_(2)S纳米粒子植入碳纳米线(Cu_(2)S@C NWs),显著减轻了纳米粒子聚集和有害的结构退化.与传统的Cu_(2)S颗粒相比,每根纳米线的体积变化都得到了有效调节,这极大地改善了形态完整性,从而显著提高了循环寿命.正如预期的那样,Cu_(2)S@C NW负极可提供391.1 mA h g^(-1)的大可逆容量,在5 A g^(-1)时具有118.1 mA h g^(-1)的出色倍率性能,以及在2 A g^(-1)下经过500次循环后77.2%的高容量保持率.此外,当Cu_(2)S@C NW负极与KVP04F/CNTs正极组装形成钾离子全电池时,在50 mA g^(-1)下循环100次后显示出110.8 mA h g^(-1)的良好放电容量.这种纳米颗粒阻聚策略拓宽了纳米工程的视野,以释放嵌脱钾引起的应力,并促进钾离子电池高效负极的进一步发展.

Increased Expression of Colonic Mucosal Melatonin in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome Correlated with Gut Dysbiosis

Dysregulation of the gut microbiota/gut hormone axis contributes to the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).Melatonin plays a beneficial role in gut motility and immunity.However,altered expression of local mucosal melatonin in IBS and its relationship with the gut microbiota remain unclear.Therefore,we aimed to detect the colonic melatonin levels and microbiota profiles in patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS(IBS-D)and explore their relationship in germ-free(GF)rats and BON-1 cells.Thirty-two IBS-D patients and twenty-eight healthy controls(HCs)were recruited.Fecal specimens from IBS-D patients and HCs were separately transplanted into GF rats by gavage.The levels of colon mucosal melatonin were assessed by immunohistochemical methods,and fecal microbiota communities were analyzed using 16S rDNA sequencing.The effect of butyrate on melatonin synthesis in BON-1 cells was evaluated by ELISA.Melatonin levels were significantly increased and negatively correlated with visceral hypersensitivity in IBS-D patients.GF rats inoculated with fecal microbiota from IBS-D patients had high colonic melatonin levels.Butyrate-producing Clostridium cluster XIVa species,such as Roseburia species and Lachnospira species,were positively related to colonic mucosal melatonin expression.Butyrate significantly increased melatonin secretion in BON-1 cells.Increased melatonin expression may be an adaptive protective mechanism in the development of IBS-D.Moreover,some Clostridium cluster XIVa species could increase melatonin expression via butyrate production.Modulation of the gut hormone/gut microbiota axis offers a promising target of interest for IBS in the future.

Robust carbon nanotube-interwoven KFeSO_(4)F microspheres as reliable potassium cathodes

Orthorhombic iron-based fluorosulfate KFeSO_(4)F represents one of the most promising cathode materials due to its high theoretical capacity,high voltage plateau,unique three-dimensional conduction pathway for potassium ions,and low cost.Yet,the poor thermostability and intrinsic low electronic conductivity of KFeSO_(4)F challenge its synthesis and electrochemical performance in potassium-ion batteries(PIBs).Herein,we report,for the first time,judicious crafting of carbon nanotubes(CNTs)-interwoven KFeSO_(4)F microspheres in diethylene glycol(DEG)(denoted KFSF@CNTs/DEG)as the cathode to render high-performance PIBs,manifesting an outstanding reversible capacity of 110.9 m Ah g^(-1) at 0.2 C,a high working voltage of 3.73 V,and a long-term capacity retention of 93.9%after 2000 cycles at 3 C.Specifically,KFSF@CNTs/DEG microspheres are created via introducing CNTs into the precursors DEG solution at relatively low temperature.Notably,the strong binding of the ether groups in DEG retards the nucleation and growth of KFSF,leading to in situ formation of microspheres with CNTs interwoven within KFSF crystals,thereby greatly enhancing electronic conductivity of KFSF.Intriguingly,the remarkable electrochemical performance of KFSF@CNTs/DEG cathode is found to stem from the massively exposed(100)plane and uniform interpenetration of CNTs inside KFSF microsphere.More importantly,in situ X-ray diffraction and electrochemical kinetics study unveil outstanding structural stability and high K+diffusion rate of KFSF@CNTs/DEG.Finally,the KFSF@CNTs/DEG//graphite full cell displays a large energy density of~243 Wh kg^(-1).Such simple route to KFSF@CNTs/DEG highlights the robustness of creating inexpensive CNTs-interwoven polyanionic cathodes for high-performance PIBs.

Patients with breath test positive are necessary to be identified from irritable bowel syndrome:a clinical trial based on microbiomics and rifaximin sensitivity

Background:As a non-invasive and effective diagnostic method for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth(SIBO),wild-use of breath test(BT)has demonstrated a high comorbidity rate in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome(IBS-D)and SIBO.Patients overlapping with SIBO respond better to rifaximin therapy than those with IBS-D only.Gut microbiota plays a critical role in both of these two diseases.We aimed to determine the microbial difference between IBS-D overlapping with/without SIBO,and to study the underlying mechanism of its sensitivity to rifaximin.Methods:Patients with IBS-D were categorized as BT-negative(IBSN)and BT-positive(IBSP).Healthy volunteers(BT-negative)were enrolled as healthy control.The patients were clinically evaluated before and after rifaximin treatment(0.4 g bid,4 weeks).Blood,intestine,and stool samples were collected for cytokine assessment and gut microbial analyses.Results:Clinical complaints and microbial abundance were significantly higher in IBSP than in IBSN.In contrast,severe systemic inflammation and more active bacterial invasion function that were associated with enrichment of opportunistic pathogens were seen in IBSN.The symptoms of IBSP patients were relieved in different degrees after therapy,but the symptoms of IBSN rarely changed.We also found that the presence of IBSN-enriched genera(Enterobacter and Enterococcus)are unaffected by rifaximin therapy.Conclusions:IBS-D patients overlapping with SIBO showed noticeably different fecal microbial composition and function compared with IBS-D only.The better response to rifaximin in those comorbid patients might associate with their different gut microbiota,which suggests that BT is necessary before IBS-D diagnosis and use of rifaximin.Registration:Chinese Clinical Trial Registry,ChiCTR1800017911.

Anchoring ultrafine CoP and CoSb nanoparticles into rich N-doped carbon nanofibers for efficient potassium storage

Transition-metal compounds have received extensive attention from researchers due to their high reversible capacity and suitable voltage platform as potassium-ion battery anodes.However,these materials commonly feature a poor conductivity and a large volume expansion,thus leading to underdeveloped rate capability and cyclic stability.Herein,we successfully encapsulated ultrafine CoP and CoSb nanoparticles into rich N-doped carbon nanofibers(NCFs)via electrospinning,carbonization,and phosphorization(antimonidization).The N-doped carbon fiber prevents the aggregation of nanoparticles,buffers the volume expansion of CoP and CoSb during charging and discharging,and improves the conductivity of the composite material.As a result,the CoP/NCF anode exhibits excellent potassium-ion storage performance,including an outstanding reversible capacity of 335mAh g^(-1),a decent capacity retention of 79.3%after 1000 cycles at 1Ag^(-1)and a superior rate capability of 148mAh g^(-1)at 5Ag^(-1),superior to most of the reported transition-metalbased potassium-ion battery anode materials.

Effects of the molluscicide can didate PPU06 on alkaline phosphatase in the golden apple snails determined using a near-infrared fluorescent probe

We constructed a reaction-based near-infrared fluorescent probe(Niap) to specifically identify alkaline phosphatase(ALP) with fast red fluorescence enhancement.Based on the positive concentrationdependent manner between the fluorescent intensity of the Niap and ALP,probe Niap was used to study the ALP enrichment and variation in golden apple snails(Pomacea canaliculata) exposed to the molluscicide candidate PPU06.After treatment with different concentrations of PPU06 over various times,three organs of the surviving snails,liver,stomach and plantaris,were frozen and sectioned for fluorescent imaging experiments.With increased PPU06 concentration,red fluorescence substantially increased in the liver and reached a maximum within 24 h when the PPU06 co ncentration was 0.75 mg/L.No obvious changes in the stomach or foot plantaris were found.It showed PPU06 caused liver injury and stimulated the increase of ALP in the liver of P.canaliculata.This study demonstrates a rapid ALP fluorescent identification method that can be used to study the effects of PPU06 on P.canaliculata.It also provides optical evidence that may aid in the discovery of new chemistry for snail control.

Shortest or locally quickest?A prediction-based approach for evacuation choice simulation between multiple staircases

Staircase choice is one of the most critical factors leading to the difference in pedestrian flow and evacuation routes in buildings with multiple staircases.Neither the shortest path to the building exit nor the locally quickest path to the nearest staircase can represent the natural mode of evacuation path choices for an authentic evac-uation simulation.Thus,a prediction-based approach is established to predict and simulate evacuation choices,which helps to address three key issues:(1)extracting evacuation data through a controlled experiment;(2)establishing a Logit model for staircase choice prediction based on experimental data;(3)developing a prediction-based cellular automaton model.The proposed approach has achieved the coupling between choice prediction and evacuation simulation.A comparison with Pathfinder software is conducted to reveal the supe-riority of the prediction-based CA model for simulating staircase choice.