Smooth Periodic Solutions with Equal Period for KP-MEW (2,2) Equation

In this paper, the KP-MEW(2,2) equation is considered under a certain parametric condition. We prove that the equation has two isochronous centers under certain parametric conditions, and there exist two families of periodic solutions with equal period.

Study on a semi-resolved CFD-DEM method for rod-like particles in a gas-solid fluidized bed

Based on a semi-resolved CFD-DEM coupling method,this study proposed a method that uses the minimum distance between the fluid grid and the particle boundary as a reference value to determine the degree of influence of the target fluid grid on the particle's drag force.A fluidized bed of rod-like particles was chosen as a typical case to investigate the effect of different fluid grid scales on various fluidized bed characteristic parameters.The calculation performance of the semi-resolved and unre-solved CFD-DEM coupling algorithm on key fluidized bed characteristic parameters such as average pressure drop,particle frequency distribution with bed height,and particle orientation distribution were compared.It was found that the semi-resolved CFD-DEM coupling algorithm gradually obtained results with higher consistency with decreasing fluid grid scale for key parameters such as particle frequency distribution with bed height,particle orientation distribution,and time-history mixing index,exhibiting a phenomenon similar to grid independence in fluid simulation.By comparing with experimental results,it was verified that the semi-resolved CFD-DEM coupling algorithm can be applied to simulate multi-granular gas-solid systems with fluid grid scales equivalent to particle scales.This algorithm solves the limitation of fluid grid scale in the unresolved CFD-DEM coupling framework and improves the grid adaptability of the CFD-DEM coupling simulation algorithm.

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based analysis provides global insights into the cotton ovule and fiber proteomes

Proteomic analysis of upland cotton was performed to profile the global detectable proteomes of ovules and fibers using two-dimensional electrophoresis(2DE).A total of 1,203 independent protein spots were collected from representative 2DE gels,which were digested with trypsin and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization-time-offlight/time-of-flight(MALDI-TOF/TOF)mass spectrometry.The mass spectrometry or tandem mass spectrometry(MS or MS/MS)data were then searched against a local database constructed from Gossypium hirsutum genome sequences,resulting in successful identification of 975 protein spots(411 for ovules and 564 for fibers).Functional annotation analysis of the 975identified proteins revealed that ovule-specific proteins were mainly enriched in functions related to fatty acid elongation,sulfur amino acid metabolism and post-replication repair,while fiber-specific proteins were enriched in functions related to root hair elongation,galactose metabolism and D-xylose metabolic processes.Further annotation analysis of the most abundant protein spots showed that 28.96%of the total proteins in the ovule were mainly located in the Golgi apparatus,endoplasmic reticulum,mitochondrion and ribosome,whereas in fibers,27.02%of the total proteins were located in the cytoskeleton,nuclear envelope and cell wall.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(q RT-PCR)analyses of the ovule-specific protein spots P61,P93 and P198 and fiber-specific protein spots 230,477 and 511 were performed to validate the proteomics data.Protein-protein interaction network analyses revealed very different network cluster patterns between ovules and fibers.This work provides the largest protein identification dataset of 2DE-detectable proteins in cotton ovules and fibers and indicates potentially important roles of tissue-specific proteins,thus providing insights into the cotton ovule and fiber proteomes on a global scale.

An extended unresolved CFD-DEM coupling method for simulation of fluid and non-spherical particles

This study develops an extended unresolved CFD-DEM coupling method for simulation of the fluid-solid flow with non-spherical particles.The limitation of fluid grid size is discussed,by simulating the settling of a cylinder in a Newtonian fluid based on the resolved and unresolved CFD-DEM coupling method.Then,the calculation of porosity and the fluid-particle relative velocity based on the particle shape enlarge-ment method for simulation of non-spherical particles is proposed.The availability of the particle shape enlargement method for the simulation of non-spherical particles with different sphericity is discussed in this work,by comparing it with the results from the equivalent diameter enlargement method.The lim-itation of the equivalent diameter enlargement method for non-spherical particles is revealed from the simulation results.Several typical cases are employed to elaborate and verify the extended unresolved CFD-DEM method based on particle shape enlargement method,by presenting a good consistency with the experimental results.It proves that the extended unresolved CFD-DEM method is suitable for differ-ent CFD grid size ratios,and consolidates that it is a universal calculation method for CFD-DEM coupling simulation.

Evaluation of simulated reservoirs by using the oblique-incidence reflectivity difference technique

Dear Editors,The evaluation of the oil-gas resources’potential depends on the characterization of reservoirs.The geometry of the pore-crack structures and the compositions of the pore walls have influence on hydrocarbon production about capillarity and permeability[1].Besides,it has been known that the adsorption phenomenon in micro-structure plays a significant role in oil-gas reservoirs.Some techniques have been applied to characterize conventional and unconventional reservoirs,

Has Fiscal Federalism Worked for Macroeconomic Purposes?The Chinese Experience 1994-2003

China＇s central government undertook major tax regime reform in 1994 that was characterized by fiscal federalism. In hindsight, this reform might be viewed as being more emphatic towards the revenue side than the expenditure side. The reform has resulted in certain success both for revenue shifting and inflation fighting purposes. However, the reform and its subsequent follow-ups have not addressed some fundamental issues pertaining to China＇s government finance system, such as the overhauling of the function of government finance and redrawing lines between the central and regional governments with regard to their fiscal responsibilities and duties. Moreover, fiscal federalism might have actually increased fiscal burden on the economy, especially on domestic sectors of the economy. However, coupled with enhanced policy support for China＇ s external development, fiscal federalism might have helped to further accelerate resource shifts toward the external sector, thus resulting in an unprecedented rapid expansion in China＇ s exports since the mid1990s.

THE REDUCED BASIS TECHNIQUE AS A COARSE SOLVER FOR PARAREAL IN TIME SIMULATIONS

In this paper, we extend the reduced basis methods for parameter dependent problems to the parareal in time algorithm introduced by Lions et al. [12] and solve a nonlinear evolutionary parabolic partial differential equation. The fine solver is based on the finite element method or spectral element method in space and a semi-implicit Runge-Kutta scheme in time. The coarse solver is based on a semi-implicit scheme in time and the reduced basis approximation in space. Of[line-online procedures are developed, and it is proved that the computational complexity of the on-line stage depends only on the dimension of the reduced basis space （typically small）. Parareal in time algorithms based on a multi-grids finite element method and a multi-degrees finite element method are also presented. Some numerical results are reported.

What Caused the Sharp Downturn in the Chinese Economy during the Global Financial Crisis? A Critical Note on Causality in Trade Linkage

In responding to a view that attributes sharp downturns in the Chinese economy in late 2008 and early 2009 to the ＂collapse of external demand,＂ the present paper scrutinizes three relevant issues： How have large Chinese importers behaved in a demand-price setting？ How have Chinese commodity imports and exports interacted in recent years？ Did the downturns in China＇s export growth come earlier and were they deeper than those in Chinese import growth？ All answers appear to suggest a conclusion contrary to the abovementioned view： sharp downturns in China＇s trade and economy during the reeent global financial crisis were, to a large extent, caused by certain domestic factors, or by factors that should not be regarded as entirely ＂external. ＂ Insomuch as globalization has advanced, a large economy like China＇s today faces new potential sources of macroeeonomic disturbances, from inside and outside.

Evolution of Financial Institutions in Post-1978 China: Interaction between the State and Market

Diversification has been a key characteristic in China＇s post-1978financial development, but specialization has progressed slowly. These two tendencies are contradictory as to the issue of whether financial development in post-1978 China has followed a market-oriented direction. Our preliminary explanation is that the causes of confiicting observations lie at the role of the state, which has been overwhelming and unusuaL The relatively large size of the government system seems to have embraced an “inside” market system.

Causes of Inflation in China:Inflation Expectations

This paper argues that the main causes of inflation in China since the early 21st century are changes in the public＇s inflation expectations. The conventional wisdom, the quantity theory of money, may not be adequate to capture the relationship between price changes and money supply growth, as the economic system evolves and people ＂s income and wealth grow. An examination of China＇s GDP deflator and broad money supply relative to nominal GDP shows that the relationship between the two series is relatively weak. A further examination of China＇s monthly CPI series over the period 2001-2010 reveals that the autoregressive models are a better fit than the moving average models, which suggests that the role of CPl expectations has been significant and important. Because of the importance of inflation expectations in CP1 movement, we believe the Central Bank＇s monetary policy that targets CPI inflation should emphasize the use of policy instruments that have direct and strong communication links with the public. Quantitative measures would have their own use, but their effectiveness would be unlikely to match that of interest rate measures, especially from a short-term perspective.

Overestimate of remediation efficiency due to residual sodium persulfate in PAHs contaminated soil and a solution

Oxidation remediation is a commonly used technology for PAHs contaminated soil presently,but the overestimate of efficiency due to ongoing remediation by residual oxidants during extraction and testing has not been paid enough attention.In this study,persulfate was activated by Fe(Ⅱ)to investigate the effects of residual oxidants on PAHs removal during detection process and the elimination effects of adding Na_(2)SO_(3) and extending sampling time on residual oxidants.Results verified that the residual oxidants removed PAHs in extraction process,making the results lower than the actual values:the detection recovery rate η of ΣPAHs and 3-6 ring PAHs ranged from 24.3%(25%Na_(2)S_(2)O_(8)treatment)to 87.4%(5%Na_(2)S_(2)O_(8)+4/4Fe^(2+) treatment),20.1%-99.0%,28.9%-87.9%,20.8%-89.4%,and 1.8.6%-76.9%,respectively.After adding Na_(2)SO_(3),the accuracy of detection results increased significantly:the η of ΣPAHs and 3-6 ring PAHs increased to 64.1%-96.5%,58.8%-95.5%,73.8%-114.4%,60.6%-95.6%,and 45.4%-77.1%,respectively.After 49 days of adding oxidants,residual oxidants had no considerable effect on the detection of PAHs,indicating it was appropriate to start soil remediation verification sampling49 days after the remediation was completed.The observed results will help scientific evaluation of the remediation effects of chemical oxidation on or-ganic contaminated soil.