Unveiling clinical significance and tumor immune landscape of CXCL12 in bladder cancer: Insights from multiple omics analysis

Objective: The interplay between chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 12(CXCL12) and its specific receptors is known to trigger various signaling pathways, contributing to tumor proliferation and metastasis. Consequently,targeting this signaling axis has emerged as a potential strategy in cancer therapy. However, the precise role of CXCL12 in clinical therapy, especially in immunotherapy for bladder cancer(BCa), remains poorly elucidated.Methods: We gathered multiple omics data from public databases to unveil the clinical relevance and tumor immune landscape associated with CXCL12 in BCa patients. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were employed to assess the independent prognostic significance of CXCL12 expression and formulate a nomogram. The expression of CXCL12 in BCa cell lines and clinical tissue samples was validated using enzymelinked immunosorbent assays(ELISA) and immunohistochemistry(IHC).Results: While transcriptional expression of CXCL12 exhibited a decrease in nearly all tumor tissues, CXCL12 methylation expression was notably increased in BCa tissues. Single-cell RNA analysis highlighted tissue stem cells and endothelial cells as the primary sources expressing CXCL12. Abnormal CXCL12 expression, based on transcriptional and methylation levels, correlated with various clinical characteristics in BCa patients. Functional analysis indicated enrichment of CXCL12 and its co-expression genes in immune regulation and cell adhesion. The immune landscape analysis unveiled a significant association between CXCL12 expression and M2 macrophages(CD163~+ cells) in BCa tissues. Notably, CXCL12 expression emerged as a potential predictor of immunotherapy response and chemotherapy drug sensitivity in BCa patients.Conclusions: Taken together, these findings suggest aberrant production of CXCL12 in BCa tissues,potentially influencing the treatment responses of affected individuals.

Exosomes in bladder cancer:novel biomarkers and targets

Exosomes are nanometer-sized vesicles that contain various types of biologically active components,including proteins,nucleic acids,carbohydrates,and lipids,which vary with the type and physiological state of the cell.In recent years,several studies have showed that exosomes can provide new non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in patients affected by cancers,including bladder cancer(BC),and the lipid bilayer membrane structure makes exosomes as promising delivery vehicles for therapeutic applications.Exosomes have the characteristics of high abundance,high stability,tissue specificity,and wide distribution in body fluids,and are secreted as various types by cells in different states,thereby possessing great potential as biomarkers for BC.Herein,we briefly summarize the functions and roles of exosomes in the occurrence and development of BC and the current progress of research on exosomes in BC,while focusing on potential clinical applications of the diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of BC.