There is growing concern that farmland transfers lead to less agricultural investment, which may adversely affect agricultural productivity growth in China.Prior research has primarily focused on the differences betwe...There is growing concern that farmland transfers lead to less agricultural investment, which may adversely affect agricultural productivity growth in China.Prior research has primarily focused on the differences between owned cultivated land and rented plots,but little is known about how farmland transfers between relatives,which are popular in rural China,specifically affect agricultural investment.In this paper,we present a conceptual framework of transaction cost economics to compare different contracting strategies in China's farmland rental markets.As farmland rental markets in China are immature,land transfer between relatives establishes bilateral governance,which has the advantage of addressing the opportunistic activities of both parties and can ultimately increase investment by tenants.Based on data from two waves of household surveys,we empirically examine the impact of bilateral governance on the application of organic fertilizer,an indicator for agricultural investment.Our findings show that apart from economic factors, kinship is important to the functioning of farmland rental markets in rural areas.展开更多
The urban and rural dual structure is a defining characteristic of the social and economic development process in China. With rapid urbanization, remarkable development of agriculture and rural modernization, the rela...The urban and rural dual structure is a defining characteristic of the social and economic development process in China. With rapid urbanization, remarkable development of agriculture and rural modernization, the relationship between urban and rural areas is undergoing significant changes in China. Using macro data, we find that the relationship between urban and rural areas started to change in 2010. The transition has mainly been reflected in three dimensions： agriculture, rural areas and farmers. First, agricultural versatility has gradually increased, and the number of participants in leisure agriculture and rural tourism has grown rapidly since 2010. Second, the rural employment rate has risen gradually, and the share of rural employees in the tertiary sector has grown markedly. Third, the urban-rural income ratio and consumption ratio have begun to decrease, and the levels of consumption of domestic tourism by urban and rural residents are becoming small.展开更多
Water quality models are important in predicting the changes in surface water quality for environmental management.A range of water quality models are wildly used,but every model has its advantages and limitations for...Water quality models are important in predicting the changes in surface water quality for environmental management.A range of water quality models are wildly used,but every model has its advantages and limitations for specific situations.The aim of this review is to provide a guide to researcher for selecting a suitable water quality model.Eight well known water quality models were selected for this review:SWAT,WASP,QUALs,MIKE 11,HSPF,CE-QUAL-W2,ELCOM-CAEDYM and EFDC.Each model is described according to its intended use,development,simulation elements,basic principles and applicability(e.g.,for rivers,lakes,and reservoirs and estuaries).Currently,the most important trends for future model development are:(1)combination models—individual models cannot completely solve the complex situations so combined models are needed to obtain the most appropriate results,(2)application of artificial intelligence and mechanistic models combined with nonmechanistic models will provide more accurate results because of the realistic parameters derived from nonmechanistic models,and(3)integration with remote sensing,geographical information and global position systems(3S)-3S can solve problems requiring large amounts of data.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.71473122)the National Social Science Foundation of China (Nos.17BJY010 and 17CJY032)"A project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD).".
文摘There is growing concern that farmland transfers lead to less agricultural investment, which may adversely affect agricultural productivity growth in China.Prior research has primarily focused on the differences between owned cultivated land and rented plots,but little is known about how farmland transfers between relatives,which are popular in rural China,specifically affect agricultural investment.In this paper,we present a conceptual framework of transaction cost economics to compare different contracting strategies in China's farmland rental markets.As farmland rental markets in China are immature,land transfer between relatives establishes bilateral governance,which has the advantage of addressing the opportunistic activities of both parties and can ultimately increase investment by tenants.Based on data from two waves of household surveys,we empirically examine the impact of bilateral governance on the application of organic fertilizer,an indicator for agricultural investment.Our findings show that apart from economic factors, kinship is important to the functioning of farmland rental markets in rural areas.
文摘The urban and rural dual structure is a defining characteristic of the social and economic development process in China. With rapid urbanization, remarkable development of agriculture and rural modernization, the relationship between urban and rural areas is undergoing significant changes in China. Using macro data, we find that the relationship between urban and rural areas started to change in 2010. The transition has mainly been reflected in three dimensions： agriculture, rural areas and farmers. First, agricultural versatility has gradually increased, and the number of participants in leisure agriculture and rural tourism has grown rapidly since 2010. Second, the rural employment rate has risen gradually, and the share of rural employees in the tertiary sector has grown markedly. Third, the urban-rural income ratio and consumption ratio have begun to decrease, and the levels of consumption of domestic tourism by urban and rural residents are becoming small.
基金supported by the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of China(2013DFA11320).
文摘Water quality models are important in predicting the changes in surface water quality for environmental management.A range of water quality models are wildly used,but every model has its advantages and limitations for specific situations.The aim of this review is to provide a guide to researcher for selecting a suitable water quality model.Eight well known water quality models were selected for this review:SWAT,WASP,QUALs,MIKE 11,HSPF,CE-QUAL-W2,ELCOM-CAEDYM and EFDC.Each model is described according to its intended use,development,simulation elements,basic principles and applicability(e.g.,for rivers,lakes,and reservoirs and estuaries).Currently,the most important trends for future model development are:(1)combination models—individual models cannot completely solve the complex situations so combined models are needed to obtain the most appropriate results,(2)application of artificial intelligence and mechanistic models combined with nonmechanistic models will provide more accurate results because of the realistic parameters derived from nonmechanistic models,and(3)integration with remote sensing,geographical information and global position systems(3S)-3S can solve problems requiring large amounts of data.
