物理化学基础知识在化工热力学教学中的应用

化工热力学是化学工程与工艺专业的专业核心课,它与物理化学联系紧密,后者是前者学习的基础。在化工热力学新知识点的授课中,及时引导学生回顾物理化学的相关知识点并予以阐述,强调两门课程的相互渗透,将有助于学生更好地理解和掌握化工热力学知识,提高教学质量,达到更好的教学效果。本文结合物理化学和化工热力学的课堂教学实践,就物理化学中的热力学基础知识在辅助化工热力学教学过程中的应用提出了一些实例和自己的体会。

GhWRKY33 negatively regulates jasmonate-mediated plant defense to Verticillium dahliae

Verticillium wilt,caused by Verticillium dahliae,seriously restricts the yield and quality improvement of cotton.Previous studies have revealed the involvement of WRKY members in plant defense against V.dahliae,but the underlying mechanisms involved need to be further elucidated.Here,we demonstrated that Gossypium hirsutum WRKY DNA-binding protein 33(GhWRKY33) functions as a negative regulator in plant defense against V.dahliae.GhWRKY33 expression is induced rapidly by V.dahliae and methyl jasmonate,and overexpression of GhWRKY33 reduces plant tolerance to V.dahliae in Arabidopsis.Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that expression of several JA-associated genes was significantly repressed in GhWRKY33 overexpressing transgenic plants.Yeast one-hybrid analysis revealed that GhWRKY33 may repress the transcription of both AtERF1 and GhERF2 through its binding to their promoters.Protein-protein interaction analysis suggested that GhWRKY33 interacts with G.hirsutum JASMONATE ZIM-domain protein 3(GhJAZ3).Similarly,overexpression of GhJAZ3 also decreases plant tolerance to V.dahliae.Furthermore,GhJAZ3 acts synergistically with GhWRKY33 to suppress both AtERF1 and GhERF2 expression.Our results imply that GhWRKY33 may negatively regulate plant tolerance to V.dahliae via the JA-mediated signaling pathway.

农林类高校分析化学一流课程建设实践——以东北林业大学为例

以东北林业大学分析化学国家一流课程为例,探讨了农林类高校分析化学课程建设的策略和实践。课程改革以满足农林高校培养创新型、复合型、应用型农林人才为出发点,按照一流课程“两性一度”的要求,构建了“三维4L”的教学模式,从教学内容、教学方式、教学手段、考核评价多角度开展教学改革。

Phytochrome B regulates jasmonic acid-mediated defense response against Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis

The phytochrome B mediated light signaling integrates with various phytohormone signalings to control plant immune response.However,it is still unclear whether phyB-mediated light signaling has an effect on the biosynthesis of jasmonate during plant defense response against Botrytis cinerea.In this study,we demonstrated that phyB-mediated light signaling has a role in this process.Initially,we confirmed that phyb plants were obviously less resistant to B.cinerea while phyB overexpressing plants showed significantly enhanced resistance.We also found that the expression of numerous JA biosynthesis genes was promoted upon treatment with red or white light when compared to that of darkness,and that this promotion is dependent on phyB.Consistent with the gene expression results,phyb plants accumulated reduced pool of JA-lle,indicating that phyB-mediated light signaling indeed increased JA biosynthesis.Further genetic analysis showed that light-mediated JAZ9 degradation and phyB-enhanced resistance were dependent on the receptor COI1,and that pifl/3/4/5(pi/q)can largely rescue the severe symptom of phyb.Taken together,our study demonstrates that phyB may participate in plant defense against B.cinerea through the modulation of the biosynthesis of JA.

Functional characterization of the Arabidopsis SERRATE under salt stress

SERRATE(SE)plays critical roles in RNA metabolism and plant growth regulation.However,its function in stresseresponse processes remains largely unknown.Here,we examined the regulatory role of SE using the se-1 mutant and its complementation line under saline conditions.The expression of SE was repressed by salt treatment at both mRNA and protein levels.After treatment with different NaCl concentrations,the se-1 mutants showed increased sensitivity to salinity.This heightened sensitivity was evidenced by decreased germination,reduced root growth,more serious chlorosis,and increased conductivity of the mutants compared with the wild type.Further analysis revealed that SE regulates the pre-mRNA splicing of several well-characterized marker genes associated with salt stress tolerance.Our data thus imply that SE may function as a key component in plant response to salt stress by modulating the splicing of salt stress-associated genes.

AtWRKY75 positively regulates age-triggered leaf senescence through gibberellin pathway

WRKY transcription factors play essential roles during leaf senescence.However,the mechanisms by which they regulate this process remains largely unknown.Here,we identified the transcription factor WRKY75 as a positive regulator during leaf senescence.Mutations of WRKY75 caused a delay in agetriggered leaf senescence,whereas overexpression of WRKY75 markedly accelerated this process.Expression of senescence-associated genes(SAGs)was suppressed in WRKY75 mutants but increased in WRKY75-overexpressing plants.Further analysis demonstrated that WRKY75 directly associates with the promoters of SAG12 and SAG29,to activate their expression.Conversely,GAI and RGL1,two DELLA proteins,can suppress the WRKY75-mediated activation,thereby attenuating SAG expression during leaf senescence.Genetic analyses showed that GAI gain-of-function or RGL1 overexpression can partially rescue the accelerated senescence phenotype caused by WRKY75 overexpression.Furthermore,WRKY75 can positively regulate WRKY45 expression during leaf senescence.Our data thus imply that WRKY75 may positively modulate age-triggered leaf senescence through the gibberellin-mediated signaling pathway。

Outflow Vessel in the Plane of Main Vortex of Large Cerebral Aneurysms: A Study of Hemodynamic Analyses

Purpose: This study was designed to quantify and characterize the variations of hemodynamic parameters for those large cerebral aneurysms with outflow vessel in the plane of main vortex. Materials and Methods: A total of 19 consecutive patients with large cerebral aneurysms were constructed with the data of digital subtraction angiography. Those large cerebral aneurysms with outflow vessel in the plane of main vortex were included. Blood flow was hypothesized to be laminar and incompressible and blood Newtonian fluid. Computational fluid dynamics ICEM and Fluent software were used to simulate the computational hemodynamics of large cerebral aneurysms. Results: Hemodynamics parameters result of computational fluid dynamics showed that the velocity in the aneurysm neck, impact fields and the origin area of outflow vessels was obvious higher than that in the aneurysm sac and aneurysm dome. Wall shear stress was obvious higher in aneurysm neck, impact fields and the origin area of outflow vessels than that in the aneurysm sac and aneurysm dome. Conclusions: The location of outflow vessel played an impact on the level of blood flow within aneurysm sac for those large cerebral aneurysms with outflow vessel in the plane of main vortex.

Experimental Study of Multi Optical Parameter Imaging Technology under the Fog Condition

A multi optical parametric imaging system is introduced and established in order to improve the contrast of object in the fog. A few targets are observed in the fog weather based on the system level radiation model of multi optical parametric imaging and the calibrated model parameters. The results show that the building’s windows can be distinguished clear in the linear polariza-tion, circular polarization and angle of polarization images because of the strong reflected polarization light of the glass;The vehicles in intersection can hardly be seen in the intensity image, and it is fuzzy in degree of linear polarization and angle of polarization image because of the doped polarization information of trees near in fog;The circular polarization image raises the contrast of the vehicles by 20% because the circle polarization of the trees is less in the fog.

Transcription factor OsWRKY11 induces rice heading at low concentrations but inhibits rice heading at high concentrations

The heading date of rice is a crucial agronomic characteristic that influences its adaptability to different regions and its productivity potential.Despite the involvement of WRKY transcription factors in various biological processes related to development,the precise mechanisms through which these transcription factors regulate the heading date in rice have not been well elucidated.The present study identified OsWRKY11 as a WRKY transcription factor which exhibits a pivotal function in the regulation of the heading date in rice through a comprehensive screening of a clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats(CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 mutant library that specifically targets the WRKY genes in rice.The heading date of oswrky11 mutant plants and OsWRKY11-overexpressing plants was delayed compared with that of the wild-type plants under short-day and long-day conditions.Mechanistic investigation revealed that OsWRKY11 exerts dual effects on transcriptional promotion and suppression through direct and indirect DNA binding,respectively.Under normal conditions,OsWRKY11 facilitates flowering by directly inducing the expression of OsMADS14 and OsMADS15.The presence of elevated levels of OsWRKY11 protein promote formation of a ternary protein complex involving OsWRKY11,Heading date 1(Hd1),and Days to heading date 8(DTH8),and this complex then suppresses the expression of Ehd1,which leads to a delay in the heading date.Subsequent investigation revealed that a mild drought condition resulted in a modest increase in OsWRKY11 expression,promoting heading.Conversely,under severe drought conditions,a significant upregulation of OsWRKY11 led to the suppression of Ehd1 expression,ultimately causing a delay in heading date.Our findings uncover a previously unacknowledged mechanism through which the transcription factor OsWRKY11 exerts a dual impact on the heading date by directly and indirectly binding to the promoters of target genes.

HPLC Fingerprint Combined with Chemometrics and Network Pharmacology for Q-Markers Prediction Analysis of Saposhnikovia divaricata

Saposhnikovia divaricata(SD)has high medicinal and edible value,but relatively little research has been done on its qual-ity markers(Q-markers).To further clarify the Q-markers of SD with their corresponding pharmacodynamic targets.In this experiment,14 batches of SD were identified and screened for Q-marker candidate components using a combination of HPLC fingerprint with similarity analysis,principal component analysis,hierarchical cluster analysis,and partial least squares discriminant analysis.Then,network pharmacology was used to predict Q-markers and core targets.The results showed that 5-O-methylvisammioside,cimifugin,and prim-O-glucosylcimifugin could be used as Q-markers of SD;while,MAPK1,MAPK3,PIK3CA,JUN,and MAPK8 were the core targets of SD for drug efficacy.To further evaluate the bind-ing efficiency of Q-markers,molecular docking of the main active ingredients of SD to the core targets was performed.The results showed that the compounds bind well to their targets,and binding energies were all less than-5 kcal/mol.The Q-markers obtained from the screening were closely related to the core target genes,which could achieve therapeutic effects by modulating the relevant signaling pathways.This study offers a reference for the establishment of a set of quality control evaluation system for SD potential Q-markers prediction analysis,and lays the foundation for elucidating the mechanism of actionunderlying itspharmacodynamic substance.

Multivariate chemical analysis:From sensors to sensor arrays

Chemical sensor arrays can obtain more comprehensive analyte information through high-dimensional data.It is of great significance in the analysis of multi-component complex samples.This review summarizes the development and status of chemical sensor arrays.We focused on the design of chemical sensor arrays based on various sensing materials.In addition,several pattern recognition methods in chemometrics are introduced.And applications of chemical sensor arrays in food monitoring,medical diagnosis,and environmental monitoring are illustrated.Based on the analysis of the limitations of current sensor array technology,the direction of the array is also predicted.This review aims to help the broad readership understand the research state of chemical sensor arrays and their development prospects.

Nationwide survey analysis of esophagogastric varices in portal hypertension based on endoscopic management in China

Aims:The endoscopic treatment of esophagogastric varices is challenging,and the nationwide application of endoscopic therapies for various types of esophagogastric varices and different clinical scenarios remains unclear.This study investigated the use of endoscopic therapy for portal hypertension in China.Methods:This study used a questionnaire survey initiated by the Liver Health Consortium in China to investigate the use of endoscopic therapies for portal hypertension.Questionnaires were released online from January 30,2023 to February 28,2023 and filled out by chief physicians or senior instructors responsible for endoscopic therapies in participating hospitals across 31 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities)in China.Comparisons of guideline adherence between primary and referral medical centers were performed using the chi‐square test or Fisher's exact test.Results:In total,836 hospitals participated in the survey.For primary and secondary prophylaxis of esophagogastric variceal bleeding(EGVB),adherence to the national guidelines was 72.5%(606/836)and 39.2%(328/836),respectively.Significant differences were observed in the rate of adherence between the primary and referral centers for primary(79.9%[111/139]vs.71.0%[495/697],p=0.033)and secondary prophylaxis(27.3%[38/139]vs.41.6%[290/697],p=0.002).Of the hospitals,78.2%(654/836)preferred endoscopic therapies for acute EGVB,and the timing of endoscopy was usually within 12 h(48.5%,317/654)and 12-24 h(36.9%,241/654)after bleeding.Endoscopic therapy was more likely to be the first choice of treatment for acute EGVB in referral centers than in primary centers(82.6%[576/697]vs.56.1%[78/139],p<0.001).Regarding the management of gastroesophageal varices type 2 and isolated gastric varices type 1,the most prevalent procedures were cyanoacrylate injection combined with sclerotherapy(48.2%[403/836]and 29.9%[250/836],respectively);however,substantial hospitals preferred clip-assisted therapies(12.4%[104/836]and 26.4%[221/836],respectively).Nonselective beta‐blockers were routinely used in 73.4%(614/836)of hospitals during the perioperative period of EGVB management,and propranolol(88.8%,545/614)and carvedilol(37.5%,230/614)were the most widely used nonselective beta-blockers.Conclusions:This survey clarified that various endoscopic procedures have been implemented nationwide in China.Participating hospitals have actively performed emergent endoscopy for acute EGVB;however,these hospitals do not adequately follow recommendations regarding primary and secondary prophylaxis of EGVB.In the future,standardizing the selection of endoscopic procedures and improving compliance with guidelines is crucial.

碱金属离子诱导亚稳相钌纳米晶合成

亚稳相金属纳米晶因其优异的物理化学性质备受关注,然而如何可控合成亚稳相结构依然面临诸多挑战.本文报道了碱金属离子诱导亚稳相钌纳米晶(面心立方相)的可控合成策略.研究表明钌纳米晶结构和碱金属离子半径密切相关,因此通过改变碱金属离子实现了面心立方相和六方密堆相比例的连续调控.理论计算结果表明,碱金属的存在导致面心立方相的形成能低于六方密堆相,并且这种能量差随着碱金属离子半径的增大而增大.本工作为拓展亚稳态结构的实际应用奠定了基础.

Rational design of semiconductor metal oxide nanomaterials for gas sensing by template-assisted synthesis:a survey

Gas sensors have received extensive attention because of the gas pollution caused by rapid construction of urbanization and industrialization.Gas sensors based on semiconductor metal oxide(SMO)have the advantages of high response,excellent repeatability,stability,and cost-effectiveness,and have become extremely important components in the gas sensor field.Materials with regular structures and controllable morphology exhibit more consistent and repeatable performance.However,during the process of material synthesis,because of the uncontrollability of the microcosm,nanomaterials often show irregularities,unevenness,and other shortcomings.Thus,the synthesis of gas sensors with well-aligned one-dimensional(1D)structures,two-dimensional(2D)layered structures,and three-dimensional(3D)hierarchical structures has received extensive attention.To obtain regular structured nanomaterials with desired morphologies and dimensions,a template-assisted synthesis method with low cost and controllable process seems a very efficient strategy.In this review,we introduce the morphology and performance of SMO sensors with 1D,2D,and 3D structures,discuss the impact of a variety of morphologies on gas sensor performance(response and stability),and shed new light on the synthesis of gas sensing materials with stable structure and excellent performance.

Co_9S_8 nanowires@NiCo LDH nanosheets arrays on nickel foams towards efficient overall water splitting

Water electrolysis is considered to be an effective way to fabricate hydrogen, and it is desirable to find the highly efficient, inexpensive and good durability bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting.In this paper, we synthesis a unique structured catalyst that was composed by Co_9S_8 nanowires and nickel cobalt layered double hydroxide(NiCo-LDH) nanosheets. The ultrathin nanosheets decorated on the Co_9S_8 nanoarrays offer large specific surface area, numerous active edge sites and excellent electrical conductivity for fast electron transfer. Benefiting from this heterogeneous structure, the catalyst presents excellent catalytic performance in alkaline media. It requires 168 mV to reach current density of 10 mA/cm^2 for HER and 278 m V to reach current density of 30 mA/cm^2 for OER. When used as electrode in a homemade two-electrode system, it only needs t a voltage of 1.63 V to achieve current densities of 10 mA/cm^2, which proves Co_9S_8@NiCo LDH/NF as a superior bifunctional catalyst for water splitting.

ERF1 delays flowering through direct inhibition of FLOWERING LOCUS T expression in Arabidopsis

ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1(ERF1)is a key component in ethylene signaling,playing crucial roles in both biotic and abiotic stress responses.Here,we demonstrate that ERF1 also has an important role during floral initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana.Knockdown or knockout of ERF1 accelerated floral initiation,whereas overexpression of ERF1 dramatically delayed floral transition.These contrasting phenotypes were correlated with opposite transcript levels of FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT).Chromatin immunoprecipitation(ChIP)assays revealed that ERF1 associates with genomic regions of the FT gene to repress its transcription.ft-10/ERF1RNAi plants showed a similar flowering phenotype to the ft-10 mutant,whereas the flowering of FTox/ERF1ox mimicked that of FTox plants,suggesting that ERF1 acts upstream of FT during floral initiation.Similarly,altered floral transition in ethylene-related mutants was also correlated with FT expression.Further analysis suggested that ERF1 also participates in delay in flowering-time control mediated by the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid.Thus,ERF1 may act as a negative modulator of flowering-time control by repressing FT transcription in Arabidopsis.

Molecular diagnosis and treatment of meningiomas:an expert consensus(2022)

Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial neoplasm with diverse pathological types and complicated clinical manifestations.The fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System(WHO CNS5),published in 2021,introduces major changes that advance the role of molecular diagnostics in meningiomas.To follow the revision of WHO CNS5,this expert consensus statement was formed jointly by the Group of Neuro-Oncology,Society of Neurosurgery,Chinese Medical Association together with neuropathologists and evidence-based experts.The consensus provides reference points to integrate key biomarkers into stratification and clinical decision making for meningioma patients.