High purity ammonium metavanadate(NH_(4)VO_(3))is the most vital chemical to produce V2O5,VO2,VN alloy,VFe alloy and VOSO4,which have some prospective applications for high strength steel,smart window,infrared detecto...High purity ammonium metavanadate(NH_(4)VO_(3))is the most vital chemical to produce V2O5,VO2,VN alloy,VFe alloy and VOSO4,which have some prospective applications for high strength steel,smart window,infrared detector and imaging,large scale energy storage system.NH_(4)VO_(3)is usually produced by spontaneous crystallization from the aqueous solution due to its sharp dependence of solubility on the temperature.However,hazardous chemicals in industrial effluent,include phosphorate,silicate and arsenate,causing severe damage to the environment.In this work,these impurities are selectively precipitated onto inorganic flocculants,while the vanadate dissolved in an aqueous solution keeps almost undisturbed.Therefore,high purity NH_(4)VO_(3)is produced by the crystallization from the purified solution.By screening various flocculants and precipitating parameters,polyaluminum sulfate with an optimal amount of 50 g/L,is demonstrated to selectively remove phosphorate,silicate and arsenate,corresponding to the removing efficiency of 93.39%,97.11%and 88.31%,respectively.NH_(4)VO_(3)from the purified solution holds a purity of 99.21%,in comparison with 98.33%in the product from the crude solution.This purifying technology cannot only produce NH_(4)VO_(3)with high added value,but also reduce the environmental pollution of waste liquid.展开更多
The Longtoushan hydrothermal gold deposit is located in the southwestern region of the Dayaoshan Uplift.Tourmaline is widespread in the Longtoushan gold deposit and is mainly distributed in the rhyolite porphyry and a...The Longtoushan hydrothermal gold deposit is located in the southwestern region of the Dayaoshan Uplift.Tourmaline is widespread in the Longtoushan gold deposit and is mainly distributed in the rhyolite porphyry and associated cryptoexplosive breccia. The spatial distribution of tourmaline enrichment is similar to that of the gold orebody. Feldspar has been largely replaced by tourmaline in the rhyolite porphyry and cryptoexplosive breccia.Electron microprobe analysis revealed that tourmalines in the Longtoushan deposit belong mainly to the alkali group and partly to the X-vacant group; they mostly fell in the schorl-dravite series field. Two distinct sets of dominant substitutions were observed: MgFe_(-1) and Al□(NaR2+)-1,where R = Fe, Mg. In addition, minor substitutions include(CaMg)(NaAl)_(-1) and FeAl_(-1). The calculated d11 B value for the mineralizing fluids ranged from-12.8 to-9.7%,which is typical of S-type granites, and boron-enriched fluids predominantly derived from rhyolitic melt. Part of the tourmaline from the rhyolite porphyry crystallized during the magmatic-hydrothermal stage, whereas most tourmalines from the deposit formed in the post-magmatic hydrothermal stage. The tourmalines were deposited from a relatively reduced and acidic fluid system, and the gold predominantly precipitated during the post-magmatic hydrothermal stage in the Longtoushan deposit.展开更多
The hydrogenation of levulinic acid(LA)to c-valerolactone(GVL)by using water as solvent is a crucial process in the production of fine chemicals from biomass.An ultrathin carbon layer coating CoRu bimetallic catalyst ...The hydrogenation of levulinic acid(LA)to c-valerolactone(GVL)by using water as solvent is a crucial process in the production of fine chemicals from biomass.An ultrathin carbon layer coating CoRu bimetallic catalyst supported on silica(CoRu@C/SiO2)is prepared by using tannis-ligated cobalt-ruthenium complex on silica as precursors,and applied for catalyzed synthesis of GVL from LA.Because of the synergistic effect between cobalt and ruthenium,the addition of small amounts of Ru to Co catalysts can increase the catalytic activity in the aqueous hydrogenation of LA.The ultrathin carbon layer covered on the CoRu bimetallic catalyst can greatly reduce the leaching of active metals.The CoRu@C/SiO2 catalyst achieves high stability and is reused up to 5 runs without significant loss of performance in aqueous hydrogenation of levulinic acid.展开更多
Hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)in neutral medium suffers from slow kinetics as compared to that in alkaline or acidic conditions,owing to larger Ohmic loss and low proton concentration.Here we report that a self-supp...Hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)in neutral medium suffers from slow kinetics as compared to that in alkaline or acidic conditions,owing to larger Ohmic loss and low proton concentration.Here we report that a self-supported nanoporous Au-SnO_(x)(NP Au-SnO_(x))catalyst with gradient tin oxide surface could significantly enhance HER activity in neutral buffer solution(0.2 M PBS).The NP Au-SnO_(x)catalyst exhibits a low onset overpotential of 38 mV and a small Tafel slope of 79 mV dec^(−1).The current density of 10 mA cm^(−2)is manifested at an overpotential as low as 148 mV,representing the comparable performance of Pt/C catalyst.This high catalytic activity can retain at least 10 hours without any detectable decay.The superior HER activity is proposed to originate from the gradient SnO_(x)structure and metal/oxide interfaces in nanoporous ligaments.Furthermore,the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that the gradient oxide in the ligament is remarkably stable during long-term reaction.展开更多
The twinned substructure of lenticular martensite in a quenched Fe–33Ni alloy was studied.In contrary to the traditional viewpoint that the twinned laths come from{112}<111>deformation twins and show insignific...The twinned substructure of lenticular martensite in a quenched Fe–33Ni alloy was studied.In contrary to the traditional viewpoint that the twinned laths come from{112}<111>deformation twins and show insignificant hardening,we demonstrate that they are actually originated from the twinned Kurdjumov Sachs(KS)variants and can give rise to 3–4 times hardening up to~420 HV(~130 HV for the starting sample).The underlying mechanisms responsible for the propensity for twinned variants and the carbon-independent hardening for Fe–Ni system were discussed.展开更多
The gold mineralization in the Longtoushan hydrothermal gold deposit is concentrated within the contact zone of the granitic complex. Whole rock geochemistry and in-situ U-Pb and Hf isotopic data were used to constrai...The gold mineralization in the Longtoushan hydrothermal gold deposit is concentrated within the contact zone of the granitic complex. Whole rock geochemistry and in-situ U-Pb and Hf isotopic data were used to constrain the genesis and age of the granites and related Cu-Au mineralization in the Longtoushan Deposit. The granites mainly consist of the granite porphyry, rhyolite porphyry, porphyritic granite and quartz porphyry. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircons from the granite porphyry, rhyolite porphyry and quartz porphyry indicates that they intruded from ca. 94 to 97 Ma. These intrusions exhibit similar trace element characteristics, i.e., right-dipping REE patterns, depletion of Ba, Sr, P and Ti, and enrichment of Th, U, Nd, Zr and Hf. The εHf(t) values of zircons from the granite porphyry, rhyolite porphyry and quartz porphyry range from-26.81 to-8.19,-8.12 to-5.33, and-8.99 to-5.83, respectively, suggesting that they were mainly derived from the partial melting of the Proterozoic crust. The Cu-Au mineralization is mainly related to the rhyolite porphyry and porphyritic granite, respectively. The Longtoushan granites were most likely formed in a post-collisional extensional environment, and the deposit is a part of the Late Yanshanian magmatism related mineralization in the Dayaoshan area and its adjacent areas.展开更多
The relatively poor dynamic response of current flexible strain gauges has prevented their wide adoption in portable electronics. In this work, we present a greatly improved flexible strain gauge, where one strip of A...The relatively poor dynamic response of current flexible strain gauges has prevented their wide adoption in portable electronics. In this work, we present a greatly improved flexible strain gauge, where one strip of Au nanoparticle (NP) monolayer assembled on a polyethylene terephthalate film is utilized as the active unit. The proposed flexible gauge is capable of responding to applied stimuli without detectable hysteresis via electron tunneling between adjacent nanoparticles within the Au NP monolayer. Based on experimental quantification of the time and frequency domain dependence of the electrical resistance of the proposed strain gauge, acoustic vibrations in the frequency range of 1 to 20,000 Hz could be reliably detected. In addition to being used to measure musical tone, audible speech, and creature vocalization, as demonstrated in this study, the ultrafast dynamic response of this flexible strain gauge can be used in a wide range of applications, including miniaturized vibratory sensors, safe entrance guard management systems, and ultrasensitive pressure sensors.展开更多
Photoluminescence (PL) of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) can be engineered by controlling the density of defects, which provide active sites for electron-hole recombination, either radiatively or non-radi...Photoluminescence (PL) of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) can be engineered by controlling the density of defects, which provide active sites for electron-hole recombination, either radiatively or non-radiatively. However, the implantation of defects by external stimulation, such as uniaxial tension and irradiation, tends to introduce local damages or structural non-homogeneity, which greatly degrades their luminescence properties and impede their applicability in constructing optoelectronic devices. In this paper, we present a strategy to introduce a controllable level of defects into the MoS2 monolayers by adding a hydrogen flow during the chemical vapor deposition, without sacrificing their luminescence characteristics. The density of the defect is controlled directly by the concentration of hydrogen. For an appropriate hydrogen flux, the monolayer MoS2 sheets have three times stronger PL emission at the excitonic transitions, compared with those samples with nearly perfect crystalline structure. The defect-bounded exciton transitions at lower energies arising in the defective samples and are maximized when the total PL is the strongest. However, the B exciton, exhibits a monotonic decline as the defect density increases. The Raman spectra of the defective MoS2 reveal a redshift (blueshift) of the in-plane (out-of-plane) vibration modes as the hydrogen flux increases. All the evidence indicates that the generated defects are in the form of sulfur vacancies. This study renders the high-throughput synthesis of defective MoS2 possible for catalysis or light emitting applications.展开更多
We demonstrate an ultrasensitive strain gauge based on a discontinuous metal film with a record detection limit as low as 8.3 × 10^-6. Constructed by well-tunable crevices on the nanometer scale within the film, ...We demonstrate an ultrasensitive strain gauge based on a discontinuous metal film with a record detection limit as low as 8.3 × 10^-6. Constructed by well-tunable crevices on the nanometer scale within the film, this gauge exhibits an ultrafast dynamic response to vibrations with a frequency range of 1 Hz to 10 kHz. More importantly, the temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR) of the metal film is tunable owing to the cancellation effect caused by the possibility of tunneling across the nanoscale crevices (showing a negative temperature dependence) and the electron conduction within the metal islands (showing a positive temperature dependence). Consequently, a nullified TCR is achievable when the crevice size can be precisely controlled. Thus, a fabrication strategy to precisely control the nanoscale crevices was developed in this study through the real-time tracking of the electrical conductivity during thermal evaporation. The ultrasensitive strain gauge with a tunable thermal drift introduces numerous opportunities for precision devices and wearable electronics with superior reliability.展开更多
Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction meditated by metallic catalysts suffers from restricted selectivity and competition from hydrogen evolution, which sensitively depends on ambiguous contributions of alloying an...Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction meditated by metallic catalysts suffers from restricted selectivity and competition from hydrogen evolution, which sensitively depends on ambiguous contributions of alloying and strain state in bimetallic catalysts. Herein, nanoporous Au-Sn(NPAS) containing trace tin solute in Au lattices is delicately designed to convince real strain effect, while eliminating other undesirable factors, such as alloying, crystal facets and surface composition. Compared with nanoporous gold(NPG), the NPAS with a solute strain of ~2.2% enables more efficient CO2-to-CO conversion, with an efficiency as high as 92% at-0.85 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode(vs. RHE), and the high activity can retain for more than 8 h. The combination of HRTEM and surface valence band photoemission spectra reveals that the tensile strain on the surface of 3 D nanoporous structure promotes the catalytic activity by shifting up the d-band center and strengthening the adsorption of key intermediate *COOH. A small amount of Sn solute in the nanoporous alloy can prevent ligament coarsening effectively and improve the electrochemical stability.展开更多
Following the completion of genome sequencing of model plants,such as rice(Oryza sativa L.)and Arabidopsis thaliana,the era of functional plant genomics has arrived which provides a solid basis for the develop-ment of...Following the completion of genome sequencing of model plants,such as rice(Oryza sativa L.)and Arabidopsis thaliana,the era of functional plant genomics has arrived which provides a solid basis for the develop-ment of plant proteomics.We review the background and concepts of proteomics,as well as the key techniques which include:(1)separation techniques such as 2-DE(two-dimensional electrophoresis),RP-HPLC(reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography)and SELDI(surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization)protein chip;(2)mass spectrometry such as MALDI-TOF-MS(matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry)and ESI-MS/MS(electrospray ionization mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry);(3)Peptide sequence tags;(4)databases related to proteomics;(5)quantitative proteome;(6)TAP(tandem affinity purification)and(7)yeast two-hybrid system.In addition,the challenges and prospects of pro-teomics are also discussed.展开更多
基金support from the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2020BED011)XPS characterizations and ICP-OES were carried out in the Analytical and Testing Center in HUST.
文摘High purity ammonium metavanadate(NH_(4)VO_(3))is the most vital chemical to produce V2O5,VO2,VN alloy,VFe alloy and VOSO4,which have some prospective applications for high strength steel,smart window,infrared detector and imaging,large scale energy storage system.NH_(4)VO_(3)is usually produced by spontaneous crystallization from the aqueous solution due to its sharp dependence of solubility on the temperature.However,hazardous chemicals in industrial effluent,include phosphorate,silicate and arsenate,causing severe damage to the environment.In this work,these impurities are selectively precipitated onto inorganic flocculants,while the vanadate dissolved in an aqueous solution keeps almost undisturbed.Therefore,high purity NH_(4)VO_(3)is produced by the crystallization from the purified solution.By screening various flocculants and precipitating parameters,polyaluminum sulfate with an optimal amount of 50 g/L,is demonstrated to selectively remove phosphorate,silicate and arsenate,corresponding to the removing efficiency of 93.39%,97.11%and 88.31%,respectively.NH_(4)VO_(3)from the purified solution holds a purity of 99.21%,in comparison with 98.33%in the product from the crude solution.This purifying technology cannot only produce NH_(4)VO_(3)with high added value,but also reduce the environmental pollution of waste liquid.
基金supported by the Project of Innovation-driven Plan in Central South University (Project No. 2015CX008)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (Project No. 2015zzts071)
文摘The Longtoushan hydrothermal gold deposit is located in the southwestern region of the Dayaoshan Uplift.Tourmaline is widespread in the Longtoushan gold deposit and is mainly distributed in the rhyolite porphyry and associated cryptoexplosive breccia. The spatial distribution of tourmaline enrichment is similar to that of the gold orebody. Feldspar has been largely replaced by tourmaline in the rhyolite porphyry and cryptoexplosive breccia.Electron microprobe analysis revealed that tourmalines in the Longtoushan deposit belong mainly to the alkali group and partly to the X-vacant group; they mostly fell in the schorl-dravite series field. Two distinct sets of dominant substitutions were observed: MgFe_(-1) and Al□(NaR2+)-1,where R = Fe, Mg. In addition, minor substitutions include(CaMg)(NaAl)_(-1) and FeAl_(-1). The calculated d11 B value for the mineralizing fluids ranged from-12.8 to-9.7%,which is typical of S-type granites, and boron-enriched fluids predominantly derived from rhyolitic melt. Part of the tourmaline from the rhyolite porphyry crystallized during the magmatic-hydrothermal stage, whereas most tourmalines from the deposit formed in the post-magmatic hydrothermal stage. The tourmalines were deposited from a relatively reduced and acidic fluid system, and the gold predominantly precipitated during the post-magmatic hydrothermal stage in the Longtoushan deposit.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21908197)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LY17B030010)。
文摘The hydrogenation of levulinic acid(LA)to c-valerolactone(GVL)by using water as solvent is a crucial process in the production of fine chemicals from biomass.An ultrathin carbon layer coating CoRu bimetallic catalyst supported on silica(CoRu@C/SiO2)is prepared by using tannis-ligated cobalt-ruthenium complex on silica as precursors,and applied for catalyzed synthesis of GVL from LA.Because of the synergistic effect between cobalt and ruthenium,the addition of small amounts of Ru to Co catalysts can increase the catalytic activity in the aqueous hydrogenation of LA.The ultrathin carbon layer covered on the CoRu bimetallic catalyst can greatly reduce the leaching of active metals.The CoRu@C/SiO2 catalyst achieves high stability and is reused up to 5 runs without significant loss of performance in aqueous hydrogenation of levulinic acid.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51771078,91545131 and 51371084)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2017M612455).
文摘Hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)in neutral medium suffers from slow kinetics as compared to that in alkaline or acidic conditions,owing to larger Ohmic loss and low proton concentration.Here we report that a self-supported nanoporous Au-SnO_(x)(NP Au-SnO_(x))catalyst with gradient tin oxide surface could significantly enhance HER activity in neutral buffer solution(0.2 M PBS).The NP Au-SnO_(x)catalyst exhibits a low onset overpotential of 38 mV and a small Tafel slope of 79 mV dec^(−1).The current density of 10 mA cm^(−2)is manifested at an overpotential as low as 148 mV,representing the comparable performance of Pt/C catalyst.This high catalytic activity can retain at least 10 hours without any detectable decay.The superior HER activity is proposed to originate from the gradient SnO_(x)structure and metal/oxide interfaces in nanoporous ligaments.Furthermore,the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that the gradient oxide in the ligament is remarkably stable during long-term reaction.
基金We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Natural Science Foundation-Steel and Iron Foundation of Hebei Province(E2021203051)the Hundred Outstanding Creative Talents Projects in universities of Hebei Province,China,the Project Program of Heavy Machinery Collaborative Innovation Center,China,the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2020BED011).
文摘The twinned substructure of lenticular martensite in a quenched Fe–33Ni alloy was studied.In contrary to the traditional viewpoint that the twinned laths come from{112}<111>deformation twins and show insignificant hardening,we demonstrate that they are actually originated from the twinned Kurdjumov Sachs(KS)variants and can give rise to 3–4 times hardening up to~420 HV(~130 HV for the starting sample).The underlying mechanisms responsible for the propensity for twinned variants and the carbon-independent hardening for Fe–Ni system were discussed.
基金supported by the Project of Innovationdriven Plan in Central South University (No. 2015CX008)the Fundamental Reserch Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (No. 2015zzts071)
文摘The gold mineralization in the Longtoushan hydrothermal gold deposit is concentrated within the contact zone of the granitic complex. Whole rock geochemistry and in-situ U-Pb and Hf isotopic data were used to constrain the genesis and age of the granites and related Cu-Au mineralization in the Longtoushan Deposit. The granites mainly consist of the granite porphyry, rhyolite porphyry, porphyritic granite and quartz porphyry. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircons from the granite porphyry, rhyolite porphyry and quartz porphyry indicates that they intruded from ca. 94 to 97 Ma. These intrusions exhibit similar trace element characteristics, i.e., right-dipping REE patterns, depletion of Ba, Sr, P and Ti, and enrichment of Th, U, Nd, Zr and Hf. The εHf(t) values of zircons from the granite porphyry, rhyolite porphyry and quartz porphyry range from-26.81 to-8.19,-8.12 to-5.33, and-8.99 to-5.83, respectively, suggesting that they were mainly derived from the partial melting of the Proterozoic crust. The Cu-Au mineralization is mainly related to the rhyolite porphyry and porphyritic granite, respectively. The Longtoushan granites were most likely formed in a post-collisional extensional environment, and the deposit is a part of the Late Yanshanian magmatism related mineralization in the Dayaoshan area and its adjacent areas.
文摘The relatively poor dynamic response of current flexible strain gauges has prevented their wide adoption in portable electronics. In this work, we present a greatly improved flexible strain gauge, where one strip of Au nanoparticle (NP) monolayer assembled on a polyethylene terephthalate film is utilized as the active unit. The proposed flexible gauge is capable of responding to applied stimuli without detectable hysteresis via electron tunneling between adjacent nanoparticles within the Au NP monolayer. Based on experimental quantification of the time and frequency domain dependence of the electrical resistance of the proposed strain gauge, acoustic vibrations in the frequency range of 1 to 20,000 Hz could be reliably detected. In addition to being used to measure musical tone, audible speech, and creature vocalization, as demonstrated in this study, the ultrafast dynamic response of this flexible strain gauge can be used in a wide range of applications, including miniaturized vibratory sensors, safe entrance guard management systems, and ultrasensitive pressure sensors.
文摘Photoluminescence (PL) of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) can be engineered by controlling the density of defects, which provide active sites for electron-hole recombination, either radiatively or non-radiatively. However, the implantation of defects by external stimulation, such as uniaxial tension and irradiation, tends to introduce local damages or structural non-homogeneity, which greatly degrades their luminescence properties and impede their applicability in constructing optoelectronic devices. In this paper, we present a strategy to introduce a controllable level of defects into the MoS2 monolayers by adding a hydrogen flow during the chemical vapor deposition, without sacrificing their luminescence characteristics. The density of the defect is controlled directly by the concentration of hydrogen. For an appropriate hydrogen flux, the monolayer MoS2 sheets have three times stronger PL emission at the excitonic transitions, compared with those samples with nearly perfect crystalline structure. The defect-bounded exciton transitions at lower energies arising in the defective samples and are maximized when the total PL is the strongest. However, the B exciton, exhibits a monotonic decline as the defect density increases. The Raman spectra of the defective MoS2 reveal a redshift (blueshift) of the in-plane (out-of-plane) vibration modes as the hydrogen flux increases. All the evidence indicates that the generated defects are in the form of sulfur vacancies. This study renders the high-throughput synthesis of defective MoS2 possible for catalysis or light emitting applications.
基金Acknowledgements This work was partially supported by the National Science Foundation of Hubei Province (Grant No.2011CDB295), Innovation Funding of HUST (No. 2012TS031), Spedalized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (No. 20130142120089), and the National Science Foundation of China (No. 51371084). We acknowledge the assistance from the staff in the Analytic and Testing Center of HUST.
基金Acknowledgements This work was partially supported by Innovation Funding of HUST for International Collaborations (No. 2014ZZGH018), Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (No. 20130142120089), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51371084 and 91545131).
文摘We demonstrate an ultrasensitive strain gauge based on a discontinuous metal film with a record detection limit as low as 8.3 × 10^-6. Constructed by well-tunable crevices on the nanometer scale within the film, this gauge exhibits an ultrafast dynamic response to vibrations with a frequency range of 1 Hz to 10 kHz. More importantly, the temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR) of the metal film is tunable owing to the cancellation effect caused by the possibility of tunneling across the nanoscale crevices (showing a negative temperature dependence) and the electron conduction within the metal islands (showing a positive temperature dependence). Consequently, a nullified TCR is achievable when the crevice size can be precisely controlled. Thus, a fabrication strategy to precisely control the nanoscale crevices was developed in this study through the real-time tracking of the electrical conductivity during thermal evaporation. The ultrasensitive strain gauge with a tunable thermal drift introduces numerous opportunities for precision devices and wearable electronics with superior reliability.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51771078,91545131 and 51371084)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2017M612455)。
文摘Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction meditated by metallic catalysts suffers from restricted selectivity and competition from hydrogen evolution, which sensitively depends on ambiguous contributions of alloying and strain state in bimetallic catalysts. Herein, nanoporous Au-Sn(NPAS) containing trace tin solute in Au lattices is delicately designed to convince real strain effect, while eliminating other undesirable factors, such as alloying, crystal facets and surface composition. Compared with nanoporous gold(NPG), the NPAS with a solute strain of ~2.2% enables more efficient CO2-to-CO conversion, with an efficiency as high as 92% at-0.85 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode(vs. RHE), and the high activity can retain for more than 8 h. The combination of HRTEM and surface valence band photoemission spectra reveals that the tensile strain on the surface of 3 D nanoporous structure promotes the catalytic activity by shifting up the d-band center and strengthening the adsorption of key intermediate *COOH. A small amount of Sn solute in the nanoporous alloy can prevent ligament coarsening effectively and improve the electrochemical stability.
文摘Following the completion of genome sequencing of model plants,such as rice(Oryza sativa L.)and Arabidopsis thaliana,the era of functional plant genomics has arrived which provides a solid basis for the develop-ment of plant proteomics.We review the background and concepts of proteomics,as well as the key techniques which include:(1)separation techniques such as 2-DE(two-dimensional electrophoresis),RP-HPLC(reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography)and SELDI(surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization)protein chip;(2)mass spectrometry such as MALDI-TOF-MS(matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry)and ESI-MS/MS(electrospray ionization mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry);(3)Peptide sequence tags;(4)databases related to proteomics;(5)quantitative proteome;(6)TAP(tandem affinity purification)and(7)yeast two-hybrid system.In addition,the challenges and prospects of pro-teomics are also discussed.