Bile acids(BAs) are not only digestive surfactants but also important cell signaling molecules,which stimulate several signaling pathways to regulate some important biological processes. The bileacid-activated nuclear...Bile acids(BAs) are not only digestive surfactants but also important cell signaling molecules,which stimulate several signaling pathways to regulate some important biological processes. The bileacid-activated nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor(FXR), plays a pivotal role in regulating bile acid,lipid and glucose homeostasis as well as in regulating the inflammatory responses, barrier function and prevention of bacterial translocation in the intestinal tract. As expected, FXR is involved in the pathophysiology of a wide range of diseases of gastrointestinal tract, including inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer and type 2 diabetes. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the roles of FXR in physiology of the digestive system and the related diseases. Better understanding of the roles ofFXR in digestive system will accelerate the development of FXR ligands/modulators for the treatment of digestive system diseases.展开更多
Obesity and its associated complications are highly related to a current public health crisis around the world.A growing body of evidence has indicated that G-protein coupled bile acid(BA) receptor TGR5(also known as ...Obesity and its associated complications are highly related to a current public health crisis around the world.A growing body of evidence has indicated that G-protein coupled bile acid(BA) receptor TGR5(also known as Gpbar-1) is a potential drug target to treat obesity and associated metabolic disorders.We have identified notoginsenoside Ftl(Ftl) from Panax notoginseng as an agonist of TGR5 in vitro.However,the pharmacological effects of Ftl on diet-induced obese(DIO) mice and the underlying mechanisms are still elusive.Here we show that Ftl(100 mg/100 diet) increased adipose lipolysis,promoted fat browning in inguinal adipose tissue and induced glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) secretion in the ileum of wild type but not Tgr5^(-/-) obese mice.In addition,Ftl elevated serum free and taurineconjugated bile acids(BAs) by antagonizing Fxr transcriptional activities in the ileum to activate Tgr5 in the adipose tissues.The metabolic benefits of Ftl were abolished in Cyp27 al^(-/-) mice which have much lower BA levels.These results identify Ftl as a single compound with opposite activities on two key BA receptors to alleviate high fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice.展开更多
Chemical precipitation to form magnesium ammonium phosphate(MAP) is an effective technology for recovering ammonium nitrogen(NH4+-N).In the present research,we investigated the thermodynamic modeling of the PHREE...Chemical precipitation to form magnesium ammonium phosphate(MAP) is an effective technology for recovering ammonium nitrogen(NH4+-N).In the present research,we investigated the thermodynamic modeling of the PHREEQC program for NH4+-N recovery to evaluate the effect of reaction factors on MAP precipitation.The case study of NH4+-N recovery from coking wastewater was conducted to provide a comparison.Response surface methodology(RSM) was applied to assist in understanding the relative significance of reaction factors and the interactive effects of solution conditions.Thermodynamic modeling indicated that the saturation index(SI) of MAP followed a polynomial function of pH.The SI of MAP increased logarithmically with the Mg2+/NH4+ molar ratio(Mg/N) and the initial NH4+-N concentration(CN),respectively,while it decreased with an increase in Ca2+/NH4+ and CO32?/NH4+ molar ratios(Ca/N and CO32?/N),respectively.The trends for NH4+-N removal at different pH and Mg/N levels were similar to the thermodynamic modeling predictions.The RSM analysis indicated that the factors including pH,Mg/N,CN,Ca/N,(Mg/N)×(CO32?/N),(pH)2,(Mg/N)2,and(CN)2 were significant.Response surface plots were useful for understanding the interaction effects on NH4+-N recovery.展开更多
The rapid worldwide rise in obesity rates over the past few decades imposes an urgent need to develop effective strategies for treating obesity and associated metabolic complications.Bariatric surgical procedures,such...The rapid worldwide rise in obesity rates over the past few decades imposes an urgent need to develop effective strategies for treating obesity and associated metabolic complications.Bariatric surgical procedures,such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass(RYGB)and vertical sleeve gastrectomy(VSG),currently provide the most effective treatment for obesity and type 2 diabetes(T2D),as well as for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH).However,the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery remain elusive.Recent studies have identified bile acids as potential signaling molecules involved in the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery.This review focuses on the most recent studies on the roles of bile acids and bile acid receptors Farnesoid X receptor(FXR)and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 5(TGR5)in bariatric surgery.We also discuss the possibility of modulating bile acid signaling as a pharmacological therapeutic approach to treating obesity and its associated metabolic complications.展开更多
Batch experiments were conducted to study the short-term biological effects of rare earth ions(La^(3+),Ce^(3+))and their mixture on the nitrogen removal in a sequencing batch reactor(SBR).The data showed that higher N...Batch experiments were conducted to study the short-term biological effects of rare earth ions(La^(3+),Ce^(3+))and their mixture on the nitrogen removal in a sequencing batch reactor(SBR).The data showed that higher NH4+–N removal rate,total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency,and denitrification efficiency were achieved at lower concentrations of rare earth elements(REEs)(<1 mg/L).In the first hour of the aeration stage of SBR,the presence of REEs increased the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency and NH4+–N removal effi-ciency by 15.7%and 10%–15%,respectively.When the concentrations of REEs were higher than 1 mg/L,the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency decreased,and nitrate was found to accumulate in the effluent.When the concentrations of REEs was up to 50.0 mg/L,the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency was less than 30%of the control efficiency with a high level of nitrate.Lower concentrations of REEs were found to accelerate the nitrogen conversion and removal in SBR.展开更多
The epidemic of obesity and its co-mortalities has reached an alarming level worldwide.Currently,metabolic surgeries,especially the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and vertical sleeve gastrectomy,are the most effective and s...The epidemic of obesity and its co-mortalities has reached an alarming level worldwide.Currently,metabolic surgeries,especially the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and vertical sleeve gastrectomy,are the most effective and sustainable treatments for obesity,type 2 diabetes,non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,as well as other metabolic diseases.However,the invasive nature of the surgeries limits their broad ap-plications to the general public.Therefore,developing alternative non-invasive approaches to mimic metabolic surgery is an important direction of the field.Recent studies have identified several potential metabolic surgery-induced downstream endocrine mediators,among which bile acids are key candidate signaling molecules.Bile acids are profoundly altered by metabolic surgery,which contributes to the metabolic effects of the surgery.In this review,we focus on the most recent studies on the roles of bile acids and bile acid receptors farnesoid X receptor and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 in mediating the metabolic effects of metabolic surgery.We conclude that targeting bile acid pathways may be a promising pharmacological approach to mimic the beneficial effects of metabolic surgery.展开更多
The toroidal order of electric dipoles in ferroelectric materials has attracted attention in the past decade due to fascinating properties and great potential for enabling novel memory devices,and functional devices i...The toroidal order of electric dipoles in ferroelectric materials has attracted attention in the past decade due to fascinating properties and great potential for enabling novel memory devices,and functional devices in general.However,facile manipulation of toroidal order in ferroelectrics remains challenging.Here,using first-principles derived simulations,we demonstrate an efficient scheme to control the polar-toroidal multi-order(PTMO)states in ferroelectric nanowires.Two feasible strategies of controlling PTMO states by a combination of homogeneous electric field and torque are carried out in ferroelectric/paraelectric composite nanowires.This is possible based on trilinear coupling between polarization,toroidization and the twist force.As a result,switching of the toroidization of the nanowire can be readily achieved by reversal of the axial polarization.The torque threshold needed to control PTMO states is also calculated and found to be relatively small,indicating the feasibility of this method.Our study demonstrates facile control of PTMO states,including ferroelectric skyrmions,in ferroelectrics and is a step towards designing ferroelectric devices based on multi-order states.展开更多
基金supported by National Cancer Institute of United States (No.1R01-CA139158,to Wendong Huang)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.81303186 and ZYX-NSFC-016)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2013M531202)
文摘Bile acids(BAs) are not only digestive surfactants but also important cell signaling molecules,which stimulate several signaling pathways to regulate some important biological processes. The bileacid-activated nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor(FXR), plays a pivotal role in regulating bile acid,lipid and glucose homeostasis as well as in regulating the inflammatory responses, barrier function and prevention of bacterial translocation in the intestinal tract. As expected, FXR is involved in the pathophysiology of a wide range of diseases of gastrointestinal tract, including inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer and type 2 diabetes. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the roles of FXR in physiology of the digestive system and the related diseases. Better understanding of the roles ofFXR in digestive system will accelerate the development of FXR ligands/modulators for the treatment of digestive system diseases.
基金financially sponsored by Shanghai Pujiang Program(17PJ1408800,China)the Natural Science Foundations of China to Lili Ding(81773961)+6 种基金Zhengtao Wang(81920108033)Yingbo Yang(81703682)financially supported by the National S&T Major Special Projects of China(No.2017ZX09309006)to Li YangInterdisciplinary Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University to Qiaoling Yang(YG2019QNA03,China)partially supported by R01DK124627George Schaeffer fundJohn Hench fund(USA)to Wendong Huang。
文摘Obesity and its associated complications are highly related to a current public health crisis around the world.A growing body of evidence has indicated that G-protein coupled bile acid(BA) receptor TGR5(also known as Gpbar-1) is a potential drug target to treat obesity and associated metabolic disorders.We have identified notoginsenoside Ftl(Ftl) from Panax notoginseng as an agonist of TGR5 in vitro.However,the pharmacological effects of Ftl on diet-induced obese(DIO) mice and the underlying mechanisms are still elusive.Here we show that Ftl(100 mg/100 diet) increased adipose lipolysis,promoted fat browning in inguinal adipose tissue and induced glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) secretion in the ileum of wild type but not Tgr5^(-/-) obese mice.In addition,Ftl elevated serum free and taurineconjugated bile acids(BAs) by antagonizing Fxr transcriptional activities in the ileum to activate Tgr5 in the adipose tissues.The metabolic benefits of Ftl were abolished in Cyp27 al^(-/-) mice which have much lower BA levels.These results identify Ftl as a single compound with opposite activities on two key BA receptors to alleviate high fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program(863) of China(No.2009AA033003)the National Water Pollution Control and Management Science and Technology Breakthrough Program(No.2009ZX07106-004)+2 种基金the Scientific Research Foundation of Graduate School of Jiangsu Province(No.CX09B 013Z)the Key Technology Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province (No.BE2008668)the Ph.D Candidate Academic Foundation of Ministry of Education of China
文摘Chemical precipitation to form magnesium ammonium phosphate(MAP) is an effective technology for recovering ammonium nitrogen(NH4+-N).In the present research,we investigated the thermodynamic modeling of the PHREEQC program for NH4+-N recovery to evaluate the effect of reaction factors on MAP precipitation.The case study of NH4+-N recovery from coking wastewater was conducted to provide a comparison.Response surface methodology(RSM) was applied to assist in understanding the relative significance of reaction factors and the interactive effects of solution conditions.Thermodynamic modeling indicated that the saturation index(SI) of MAP followed a polynomial function of pH.The SI of MAP increased logarithmically with the Mg2+/NH4+ molar ratio(Mg/N) and the initial NH4+-N concentration(CN),respectively,while it decreased with an increase in Ca2+/NH4+ and CO32?/NH4+ molar ratios(Ca/N and CO32?/N),respectively.The trends for NH4+-N removal at different pH and Mg/N levels were similar to the thermodynamic modeling predictions.The RSM analysis indicated that the factors including pH,Mg/N,CN,Ca/N,(Mg/N)×(CO32?/N),(pH)2,(Mg/N)2,and(CN)2 were significant.Response surface plots were useful for understanding the interaction effects on NH4+-N recovery.
基金This workwas supported by the National Cancer Institute 2R01CA139158,John Hench Foundation,George Schaeffer Foundation,Chinese National Natural Science Foundation(81270935)Transform Medicine Innovation Foundation of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine(15ZH2001)+1 种基金Research Project Funded by the Shanghai Municipal Health Bureau(20114301)the Fund of the Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences(201601).
文摘The rapid worldwide rise in obesity rates over the past few decades imposes an urgent need to develop effective strategies for treating obesity and associated metabolic complications.Bariatric surgical procedures,such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass(RYGB)and vertical sleeve gastrectomy(VSG),currently provide the most effective treatment for obesity and type 2 diabetes(T2D),as well as for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH).However,the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery remain elusive.Recent studies have identified bile acids as potential signaling molecules involved in the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery.This review focuses on the most recent studies on the roles of bile acids and bile acid receptors Farnesoid X receptor(FXR)and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 5(TGR5)in bariatric surgery.We also discuss the possibility of modulating bile acid signaling as a pharmacological therapeutic approach to treating obesity and its associated metabolic complications.
基金the Social Development Item of Jiangsu Province of China(No.BS2005050)the Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education(No.108150)the open study of Engineering Research Center of Water Treatment and Water Environment Remediation of Chinese Ministry of Education(WTWER0721)。
文摘Batch experiments were conducted to study the short-term biological effects of rare earth ions(La^(3+),Ce^(3+))and their mixture on the nitrogen removal in a sequencing batch reactor(SBR).The data showed that higher NH4+–N removal rate,total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency,and denitrification efficiency were achieved at lower concentrations of rare earth elements(REEs)(<1 mg/L).In the first hour of the aeration stage of SBR,the presence of REEs increased the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency and NH4+–N removal effi-ciency by 15.7%and 10%–15%,respectively.When the concentrations of REEs were higher than 1 mg/L,the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency decreased,and nitrate was found to accumulate in the effluent.When the concentrations of REEs was up to 50.0 mg/L,the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency was less than 30%of the control efficiency with a high level of nitrate.Lower concentrations of REEs were found to accelerate the nitrogen conversion and removal in SBR.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81773961)to L.Ding,along with grants from John Hench foundation,George Schaeffer foundation and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases(R01DK124627)to W.Huang.
文摘The epidemic of obesity and its co-mortalities has reached an alarming level worldwide.Currently,metabolic surgeries,especially the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and vertical sleeve gastrectomy,are the most effective and sustainable treatments for obesity,type 2 diabetes,non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,as well as other metabolic diseases.However,the invasive nature of the surgeries limits their broad ap-plications to the general public.Therefore,developing alternative non-invasive approaches to mimic metabolic surgery is an important direction of the field.Recent studies have identified several potential metabolic surgery-induced downstream endocrine mediators,among which bile acids are key candidate signaling molecules.Bile acids are profoundly altered by metabolic surgery,which contributes to the metabolic effects of the surgery.In this review,we focus on the most recent studies on the roles of bile acids and bile acid receptors farnesoid X receptor and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 in mediating the metabolic effects of metabolic surgery.We conclude that targeting bile acid pathways may be a promising pharmacological approach to mimic the beneficial effects of metabolic surgery.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China(Nos.2015CB351905)NSFC(Nos.11474363,51172291,11602310)the Guangzhou Science and Technology Project(No.201707020002).
文摘The toroidal order of electric dipoles in ferroelectric materials has attracted attention in the past decade due to fascinating properties and great potential for enabling novel memory devices,and functional devices in general.However,facile manipulation of toroidal order in ferroelectrics remains challenging.Here,using first-principles derived simulations,we demonstrate an efficient scheme to control the polar-toroidal multi-order(PTMO)states in ferroelectric nanowires.Two feasible strategies of controlling PTMO states by a combination of homogeneous electric field and torque are carried out in ferroelectric/paraelectric composite nanowires.This is possible based on trilinear coupling between polarization,toroidization and the twist force.As a result,switching of the toroidization of the nanowire can be readily achieved by reversal of the axial polarization.The torque threshold needed to control PTMO states is also calculated and found to be relatively small,indicating the feasibility of this method.Our study demonstrates facile control of PTMO states,including ferroelectric skyrmions,in ferroelectrics and is a step towards designing ferroelectric devices based on multi-order states.