Effect of Mn on the Performance and Mechanism of Catalysts for the Synthesis of (Ce,La)CO₃F

In accordance with the cerium-lanthanum ratio of fluorocerium ores in the mineralogy of the Baiyun Ebo process, the (Ce,La)CO3F grains were synthesised by hydrothermal method using pure material to simulate bastnaesite minerals, and used as NH3-SCR denitrification catalysts. The activity results showed that the synthetic (Ce,La)CO3F was roasted at 500˚C, and the NOx conversion was 27% at 200˚C. The NH3-SCR catalytic activity of the synthesised (Ce,La)CO3F was improved by loaded transition metal Mn. The best catalyst was found to be produced by impregnating (Ce,La)CO3F with 1 mol/L manganese nitrate solution, with a NOx conversion of 80% at 250˚C. The loading of Mn resulted in the appearance of numerous well-dispersed MnOx species on the catalyst surface, the dispersion of Ce7O12 species was also greatly enhanced, and the reduction in grain size indicated that Mnn+ entered into the (Ce,La)CO3F lattice causing lattice shrinkage. The number of acidic sites on the catalyst surface and the redox capacity were enhanced. The amount of Ce3+ in the catalyst was also enhanced by the introduction of Mnn+, but the proportion of adsorbed oxygen decreased, which indicated that the introduction of Mnn+ was detrimental to the increase in the proportion of adsorbed oxygen. The reaction mechanisms of the (Ce,La)CO3F and Mn/(Ce,La)CO3F catalysts were investigated by in-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that catalysts followed the E-R and L-H mechanisms. When loaded with Mn, the main reactive species in the L-H mechanism were the (ad) species on the Brønsted acidic site and the O-Ce3+-O-NO, O-Mn3+-O-NO species. The main reactive species for the E-R mechanism were NH3/ (ad) species and NO. The (ad) species on the Brønsted acidic sites act as the main reactive NH3 (g) adsorbing species, bonded to the Ce4+ in the carrier (Ce,La)CO3F to participate in the acid cycle reaction. The introduction of Mnn+ increases the number of Brønsted acidic sites on the catalyst surface, and acts as an adsorption site for NO, to react with NO to generate more monodentate nitrate species, to participate in the redox cycle reactions. The above results indicated that Mnn+ and (Ce,La)CO3F have a good mutual promotion effect, which makes the loaded catalyst have excellent performance, which provides a theoretical basis for the high value utilization of bastnaesite.

6G无线覆盖扩展技术

根据国际电信联盟关于IMT-2030愿景,第6代移动通信系统(the 6th generation mobile networks,6G)的覆盖服务需求将从单场景覆盖向多场景覆盖扩展,6G基础设施的部署也将逐步从2D覆盖向3D覆盖扩展、从局部覆盖向全球覆盖扩展、从中低频段融合使用向更高频段按需开启.上述需求使得6G在提升容量的同时,需要进一步考虑无线覆盖扩展需求.本文针对如何在6G网络结构时空尺度跨度大、全场景业务需求差异大、超密集覆盖能耗大等关键挑战下实现容量和能效约束下的覆盖能力扩展这一重大科学问题,首先提出了面向6G无线覆盖扩展的智能柔性组网架构;其次研究了面向6G无线覆盖扩展的关键技术,包括面向6G广域覆盖的多维立体空天地覆盖扩展技术、面向深度覆盖的超密集异构覆盖扩展技术和面向6G平滑度覆盖的超高速移动覆盖扩展技术;接着分析了基于语义通信的覆盖扩展技术;最后给出了6G全场景无线覆盖扩展仿真验证,通过定义6G无线覆盖扩展技术指标体系,进行了典型场景的覆盖性能仿真验证.