Progress,challenges,and prospects of spent lithium-ion batteries recycling:A review

The recycling and reutilization of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have become an important measure to alleviate problems like resource scarcity and environmental pollution.Although some progress has been made,battery recycling technology still faces challenges in terms of efficiency,effectiveness and environmental sustainability.This review aims to systematically review and analyze the current status of spent LIB recycling,and conduct a detailed comparison and evaluation of different recycling processes.In addition,this review introduces emerging recycling techniques,including deep eutectic solvents,molten salt roasting,and direct regeneration,with the intent of enhancing recycling efficiency and diminishing environmental repercussions.Furthermore,to increase the added value of recycled materials,this review proposes the concept of upgrading recycled materials into high value-added functional materials,such as catalysts,adsorbents,and graphene.Through life cycle assessment,the paper also explores the economic and environmental impacts of current battery recycling and highlights the importance that future recycling technologies should achieve a balance between recycling efficiency,economics and environmental benefits.Finally,this review outlines the opportunities and challenges of recycling key materials for next-generation batteries,and proposes relevant policy recommendations to promote the green and sustainable development of batteries,circular economy,and ecological civilization.

Unexpected divergence in magnetoreceptor MagR from robin and pigeon linked to two sequence variations

Birds exhibit extraordinary mobility and remarkable navigational skills,obtaining guidance cues from the Earth’s magnetic field for orientation and long-distance movement.Bird species also show tremendous diversity in navigation strategies,with considerable differences even within the same taxa and among individuals from the same population.The highly conserved iron and iron-sulfur cluster binding magnetoreceptor(MagR)protein is suggested to enable animals,including birds,to detect the geomagnetic field and navigate accordingly.Notably,MagR is also implicated in other functions,such as electron transfer and biogenesis of iron-sulfur clusters,raising the question of whether variability exists in its biochemical and biophysical features among species,particularly birds.In the current study,we conducted a comparative analysis of MagR from two different bird species,including the migratory European robin(Erithacus rubecula)and the homing pigeon(Columba livia).Sequence alignment revealed an extremely high degree of similarity between the MagRs of these species,with only three sequence variations.Nevertheless,two of these variations underpinned significant differences in metal binding capacity,oligomeric state,and magnetic properties.These findings offer compelling evidence for the marked differences in MagR between the two avian species,potentially explaining how a highly conserved protein can mediate such diverse functions.

Effects of shore-normal coastal structure on medium-to long-term embayed shoreline evolution

Based on high-tide shoreline data extracted from 87 Landsat satellite images from 1986 to 2019 as well as using the linear regression rate and performing a Mann-Kendall(M–K)trend test,this study analyzes the linear characteristics and nonlinear behavior of the medium-to long-term shoreline evolution of Jinghai Bay,eastern Guangdong Province.In particular,shoreline rotation caused by a shore-normal coastal structure is emphasized.The results show that the overall shoreline evolution over the past 30 years is characterized by erosion on the southwest beach,with an average erosion rate of 3.1 m/a,and significant accretion on the northeast beach,with an average accretion rate of 5.6 m/a.Results of the M–K trend test indicate that significant shoreline changes occurred in early 2006,which can be attributed to shore-normal engineering.Prior to that engineering construction,the shorelines are slightly eroded,where the average erosion rate is 0.7 m/a.However,after shore-normal engineering is performed,the shoreline is characterized by significant erosion(3.2 m/a)on the southwest beach and significant accretion(8.5 m/a)on the northeast beach,thus indicating that the shore-normal engineering at the updrift headland contributes to clockwise shoreline rotation.Further analysis shows that the clockwise shoreline rotation is promoted not only by longshore sediment transport processes from southwest to northeast,but also by cross-shore sediment transport processes.These findings are crucial for beach erosion risk management,coastal disaster zoning,regional sediment budget assessments,and further observations and predictions of beach morphodynamics.

Correlation between genotypes of Orientia tsutsugamushi and clinical characteristics of patients with scrub typhus in Guangzhou,China

Objective:To explore the correlation between genotypes of Orientia(O.)tsutsugamushi and clinical characteristics of scrub typhus patients.Methods:Clinical data of patients with scrub typhus admitted to different types of medical institutions in Guangzhou from September 2012 to December 2016 were collected using medical records.Demographic data,clinical manifestations,as well as hematological and biochemical indicators of patients infected with different genotypes were analyzed and compared.Results:A total of 192 patients were included in this study,including 121 patients with Karp genotype of O.tsutsugamushi infection(63.0%),36 patients with Gilliam genotype(19.0%),23 patients with Kato genotype(12.0%),and 12 patients with TA763 genotype(6.0%)infection.The median value of albumin in patients with Karp genotype infection was significantly lower than that of Gilliam-infected patients(P=0.032).Patients with Karp genotype infection had a significantly longer hospital stay(9 days)than those with Gilliam genotype(7 days)(P=0.009)and Kato genotype infection(6 days)(P=0.005).Karp-infected patients also represented for the largest number of patients with complicated organ involvement(88/133,66.2%).Furthermore,Karp-infected patients had higher risk of developing multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(18.2%)and requiring intensive care unit treatment(15.9%).Besides,patients with Gilliam genotype(8 days)and TA763 genotype infection(7.5 days)had shorter fever duration than those with Karp genotype(9 days)and Kato genotype(9 days)infection,respectively.Conclusions:Genotypes of Orientia tsutsugamushi were associated with varying clinical manifestations,organ involvement,and treatment outcomes,suggesting that genotypes ranged in virulence.

轻链型和转甲状腺素蛋白心肌淀粉样变性临床特征的比较

目的:比较轻链型心肌淀粉样变性(AL-CA)和转甲状腺素蛋白心肌淀粉样变性(ATTR-CA)的临床特征。方法:回顾性收集2011年1月至2023年10月在北京大学第三医院住院确诊的AL-CA患者35例(AL-CA组)和ATTR-CA患者21例(ATTR-CA组)。比较两组临床表现、心电图、超声心动图和心脏磁共振成像(CMR)结果的差异。结果:与ATTR-CA组相比,AL-CA组男性比例较低(90.5%vs.54.3%,P=0.005),合并高血压的患者比例较高(9.5%vs.42.9%,P=0.009)。临床表现方面,AL-CA组水肿、蛋白尿、肾功能不全和浆膜腔积液较多见,血红蛋白和血浆白蛋白水平较低,而ATTR-CA组肢体麻木的发生率较高(P均<0.05)。心电图方面,AL-CA组的肢体导联低电压的发生率(57.1%vs.28.6%,P=0.038)高于ATTR-CA组,传导阻滞的发生率(14.3%vs.61.9%,P=0.001)低于ATTR-CA组。AL-CA组从首发症状到确诊时间较ATTR-CA组短[6.0(2.0,15.0)个月vs.35.0(14.0,56.5)个月,P=0.002]。AL-CA组与ATTR-CA组的超声心动图指标室间隔厚度分别为(13.3±2.0)mm vs(.15.7±2.2)mm(P=0.001);左心室质量分别为(198.4±67.8)g vs.(246.6±53.5)g(P=0.009);CMR指标室间隔厚度分别为(16.0±2.1)mm vs.(18.9±3.8)mm(P=0.033);左心室质量分别为(132.9±45.3)g vs.(194.7±50.8)g(P=0.011),AL-CA组左心室壁增厚程度较ATTR-CA组轻,但AL-CA组NYHA心功能分级Ⅲ~Ⅳ级患者的比例较高(48.6%vs.19.0%,P=0.027),N末端B型利钠肽原和心肌肌钙蛋白T水平较高(P均<0.05),1年生存率较低(65.7%vs.100%,P=0.001)。结论:AL-CA和ATTR-CA的临床特征和心电图表现不同。AL-CA左心室壁增厚程度虽然不及ATTR-CA显著,但心功能及预后更差。

经方治疗良性前列腺增生症的研究进展

正气不足、瘀血留结、水饮停留为良性前列腺增生症(benign prostate hyperplasia,BPH)发病的主要病机。正气不足为BPH发病之根本,以金匮肾气丸、真武汤化生肾气、温阳利水;瘀血留结是BPH发病的关键病机,以桂枝茯苓丸、抵当汤以化瘀消瘢、利窍通便;水饮停留为BPH最为紧急之症,治以五苓散、当归芍药散以化气利水,解标症之急。

Pd nanoparticles embedded in N-Enriched MOF-Derived architectures for efficient oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media

Developing high efficient Pd-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) is still challenging for alkaline membrane fuel cell,since the strong oxygen adsorption energy and easy agglomerative intrinsic properties. In order to simultaneously solve these problems, Pd/Co_(3)O_(4)–N–C multidimensional materials with porous structures is designed as the ORR catalysts. In details, the ZIF-67 with polyhedral structure was firstly synthesized and then annealed at high-temperature to prepare the N-doped Co_(3)O_(4)carbon-based material, which was used to homogeneously confine Pd nanoparticles and obtained the Pd/Co_(3)O_(4)–N–C series catalysts. The formation of Co–N and C–N bond could provide efficient active sites for ORR. Simultaneously, the strong electronic interaction in the interface between the Pd and N-doped Co_(3)O_(4)could disperse and avoid the agglomeration of Pd nanoparticles and ensure the exposure of active sites, which is crucial to lower the energy barrier toward ORR and substantially enhance the ORR kinetics. Hence, the Pd/Co_(3)O_(4)–N–C nanocompounds exhibited excellent ORR catalytic performance, ideal Pd mass activity, and durability in 0.1 mol L-1KOH solution compared with Co_(3)O_(4)–N–C and Pd/C. The scalable synthesis method, relatively low cost, and excellent electrochemical ORR performance indicated that the obtained Pd/Co_(3)O_(4)–N–C electrocatalyst had the potential for application on fuel cells.

Modified Glucose-insulin-potassium Therapy for Hemorrhage-induced Traumatic Cardiac Arrest in Rabbits

Objective Resuscitation with whole blood is known to be better than that with saline in attaining the return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC)and improving the short-term survival rate for hemorrhage-induced traumatic cardiac arrest(HiTCA).However,the resuscitation with whole blood alone fails to address the pathophysiological abnormalities,including hyperglycemia,hyperkalemia and coagulopathy,after HiTCA.The present study aimed to determine whether the modified glucose-insulin-potassium(GIK)therapy can ameliorate the above-mentioned pathophysiological abnormalities,enhance the ROSC,improve the function of key organs,and reduce the mortality after HiTCA.Methods HiTCA was induced in rabbits(n=36)by controlled hemorrhage.Following arrest,the rabbits were randomly divided into three groups(n=12 each):group A(no resuscitation),group B(resuscitation with whole blood),and group C(resuscitation with whole blood plus GIK).The GIK therapy was administered based on the actual concentration of glucose and potassium.The ROSC rate and survival rate were obtained.Hemodynamical and biochemical changes were detected.Thromboelastography(TEG)was used to measure coagulation parameters,and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect parameters related to inflammation,coagulation and the function of brain.Results All animals in groups B and C attained ROSC.Two rabbits died 24–48 h after HiTCA in group B,while no rabbits died in group C.The GIK therapy significantly reduced the levels of blood glucose,potassium,and biological markers for inflammatory reaction,and improved the heart,kidney,liver and brain function in group C when compared to group B.Furthermore,the R values of TEG were significantly lower in group C than in group B,and the maximum amplitude of TEG was slightly lower in group B than in group C,with no significant difference found.Conclusion Resuscitation with whole blood and modified GIK therapy combined can ameliorate the pathophysiological disorders,including hyperglycemia,hyperkalemia and coagulopathy,and may improve the function of key organs after HiTCA.

四层递进四轮驱动创新创业教育课程体系研究

文章提出了一种智能建造技术专业创新创业教育改革实践,即“四层递进、四轮驱动”课程体系。通过深入分析建筑业面临的挑战和智能建造的重要性,探讨了当前智能建造技术专业教育存在的不足。本研究设计了一套结合创新创业教育框架的课程体系,强调校企协同、产研协同、教研协同和师生协同四轮驱动的重要性,旨在培养具有创新思维、创新精神、创业能力的高素质技术技能人才。通过实施案例分析,证明了该模式能有效提升学生满意度,增加创新创业成果,提高学生的实践技能和综合能力。最后,讨论了改革实践的意义、成效,并对未来的研究方向提出展望。

深低温保存下高效抗冻多肽的合理设计和机理探讨

The development of effective antifreeze peptides to control ice growth has attracted a significant amount of attention yet still remains a great challenge.Here,we propose a novel design method based on in-depth investigation of repetitive motifs in various ice-binding proteins(IBPs)with evolution analysis.In this way,several peptides with notable antifreeze activity were developed.In particular,a designed antifreeze peptide named AVD exhibits ideal ice recrystallization inhibition(IRI),solubility,and biocompatibility,making it suitable for use as a cryoprotective agent(CPA).A mutation analysis and molecular dynamics(MD)simulations indicated that the Thr6 and Asn8 residues of the AVD peptide are fundamental to its ice-binding capacity,while the Ser18 residue can synergistically enhance their interaction with ice,revealing the antifreeze mechanism of AVD.Furthermore,to evaluate the cryoprotection potential of AVD,the peptide was successfully employed for the cryopreservation of various cells,which demonstrated significant post-freezing cell recovery.This work opens up a new avenue for designing antifreeze materials and provides peptide-based functional modules for synthetic biology.

A credibility-aware swarm-federated deep learning framework in internet of vehicles

Although Federated Deep Learning(FDL)enables distributed machine learning in the Internet of Vehicles(IoV),it requires multiple clients to upload model parameters,thus still existing unavoidable communication overhead and data privacy risks.The recently proposed Swarm Learning(SL)provides a decentralized machine learning approach for unit edge computing and blockchain-based coordination.A Swarm-Federated Deep Learning framework in the IoV system(IoV-SFDL)that integrates SL into the FDL framework is proposed in this paper.The IoV-SFDL organizes vehicles to generate local SL models with adjacent vehicles based on the blockchain empowered SL,then aggregates the global FDL model among different SL groups with a credibility weights prediction algorithm.Extensive experimental results show that compared with the baseline frameworks,the proposed IoV-SFDL framework reduces the overhead of client-to-server communication by 16.72%,while the model performance improves by about 5.02%for the same training iterations.

Effect of bubble morphology and behavior on power consumption in non-Newtonian fluids’aeration process

Due to a prolonged operation time and low mass transfer efficiency, the primary challenge in the aeration process of non-Newtonian fluids is the high energy consumption, which is closely related to the form and rate of impeller, ventilation, rheological properties and bubble morphology in the reactor. In this perspective, through optimal computational fluid dynamics models and experiments, the relationship between power consumption, volumetric mass transfer rate(kLa) and initial bubble size(d0) was constructed to establish an efficient operation mode for the aeration process of non-Newtonian fluids. It was found that reducing the d0could significantly increase the oxygen mass transfer rate, resulting in an obvious decrease in the ventilation volume and impeller speed. When d0was regulated within 2-5 mm,an optimal kLa could be achieved, and 21% of power consumption could be saved, compared to the case of bubbles with a diameter of 10 mm.

Intrahepatic portal venous systems in adult patients with cavernous transformation of portal vein: Imaging features and a new classification

Background: Cavernous transformation of the portal vein(CTPV) due to portal vein obstruction is a rare vascular anomaly defined as the formation of multiple collateral vessels in the hepatic hilum. This study aimed to investigate the imaging features of intrahepatic portal vein in adult patients with CTPV and establish the relationship between the manifestations of intrahepatic portal vein and the progression of CTPV. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 14 CTPV patients in Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital. All patients underwent both direct portal venography(DPV) and computed tomography angiography(CTA) to reveal the manifestations of the portal venous system. The vessels measured included the left portal vein(LPV), right portal vein(RPV), main portal vein(MPV) and the portal vein bifurcation(PVB). Results: Nine males and 5 females, with a median age of 40.5 years, were included in the study. No significant difference was found in the diameters of the LPV or RPV measured by DPV and CTA. The visualization in terms of LPV, RPV and PVB measured by DPV was higher than that by CTA. There was a significant association between LPV/RPV and PVB/MPV in term of visibility revealed with DPV( P = 0.01), while this association was not observed with CTA. According to the imaging features of the portal vein measured by DPV, CTPV was classified into three categories to facilitate the diagnosis and treatment. Conclusions: DPV was more accurate than CTA for revealing the course of the intrahepatic portal vein in patients with CTPV. The classification of CTPV, that originated from the imaging features of the portal vein revealed by DPV, may provide a new perspective for the diagnosis and treatment of CTPV.

导叶安装角和稠度对向心涡轮气动性能影响的研究

为探索导叶安装角和稠度对涡轮性能和流动损失的影响,本文基于NASA科技报告中的紧凑型开式向心涡轮几何,采用数值模拟分析研究了不同导叶安装角开度不同和不同导叶稠度条件下的向心涡轮气动特性的变化规律。结果表明:在导叶安装角的变化过程中,导叶开度增大,导叶排通流面积增加,向心涡轮流量增大,但气流在导叶进口处攻角变大,导致冲击碰撞产生更多局部损失;随着导叶开度减小,流道收敛度增加,气流拥有更大的膨胀比和出口速度,提高了气流在动叶进口的做功能力,速度增加的同时减弱了通道涡的局部损失。在设计工况下89.8%~107%设计通流面积的调节范围内,增大叶片稠度使得导叶通流面积减少、收敛度增加,气流在获得高膨胀比和气流速度的同时气体流量显著减少,损失了部分涡轮输出功。

Hypoxia-mediated programmed cell death is involved in the formation of wooden breast in broilers

Background Wooden breast(WB)myopathy is a common myopathy found in commercial broiler chickens worldwide.Histological examination has revealed that WB myopathy is accompanied by damage to the pectoralis major(PM)muscle.However,the underlying mechanisms responsible for the formation of WB in broilers have not been fully elucidated.This study aimed to investigate the potential role of hypoxia-mediated programmed cell death(PCD)in the formation of WB myopathy.Results Histological examination and biochemical analysis were performed on the PM muscle of the control(CON)and WB groups.A significantly increased thickness of the breast muscle in the top,middle,and bottom portions(P<0.01)was found along with pathological structure damage of myofibers in the WB group.The number of capillaries per fiber in PM muscle,and the levels of p O_(2) and s O_(2) in the blood,were significantly decreased(P<0.01),while the levels of p CO_(2) and TCO_(2) in the blood were significantly increased(P<0.05),suggesting hypoxic conditions in the PM muscle of the WB group.We further evaluated the PCD-related pathways including autophagy,apoptosis,and necroptosis to understand the consequence response to enhanced hypoxic conditions in the PM muscle of birds with WB.The ratio of LC3 II to LC3 I,and the autophagy-related factors HIF-1α,BNIP3,Beclin1,AMPKα,and ULK1 at the m RNA and protein levels,were all significantly upregulated(P<0.05),showing that autophagy occurred in the PM muscle of the WB group.The apoptotic index,as well as the expressions of Bax,Cytc,caspase 9,and caspase 3,were significantly increased(P<0.05),whereas Bcl-2 was significantly decreased(P<0.05)in the WB-affected PM muscle,indicating the occurrence of apoptosis mediated by the mitochondrial pathway.Additionally,the expressions of necroptosis-related factors RIP1,RIP3,and MLKL,as well as NF-κB and the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α,IL-1β,and IL-6,were all significantly enhanced(P<0.05)in the WB-affected PM muscle.Conclusions The WB myopathy reduces blood supply and induces hypoxia in the PM muscle,which is closely related to the occurrence of PCD including apoptosis,autophagy,and necroptosis within myofibers,and finally leads to abnormal muscle damage and the development of WB in broilers.

Real-Time Co-optimization of Gear Shifting and Engine Torque for Predictive Cruise Control of Heavy-Duty Trucks

Fuel consumption is one of the main concerns for heavy-duty trucks.Predictive cruise control(PCC)provides an intriguing opportunity to reduce fuel consumption by using the upcoming road information.In this study,a real-time implementable PCC,which simultaneously optimizes engine torque and gear shifting,is proposed for heavy-duty trucks.To minimize fuel consumption,the problem of the PCC is formulated as a nonlinear model predictive control(MPC),in which the upcoming road elevation information is used.Finding the solution of the nonlinear MPC is time consuming;thus,a real-time implementable solver is developed based on Pontryagin’s maximum principle and indirect shooting method.Dynamic programming(DP)algorithm,as a global optimization algorithm,is used as a performance benchmark for the proposed solver.Simulation,hardware-in-the-loop and real-truck experiments are conducted to verify the performance of the proposed controller.The results demonstrate that the MPC-based solution performs nearly as well as the DP-based solution,with less than 1%deviation for testing roads.Moreover,the proposed co-optimization controller is implementable in a real-truck,and the proposed MPC-based PCC algorithm achieves a fuel-saving rate of 7.9%without compromising the truck’s travel time.

An axenic strain reveals the responses of Phaeodactylum tricornutum to external organic carbon

The model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum is considered a promising source of various high value bioproducts,and developing cultivation processes is crucial for its commercialization.Although mixotrophy and heterotrophy have been recommended as effective strategies for microalgal cultivation,previous studies on P.tricornutum have yielded conflicting results in terms of cultivating this microalga.To verify the capacity of this microalga utilizing external organic carbon,both heterotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation with varied carbon sources were performed using an axenic strain.The results demonstrate that glycerol was the only organic carbon that substantially stimulated the growth of P.tricornutum in the presence of light.Sodium acetate(NaAc)at low concentrations could also promote growth,while at high concentrations led to severe inhibition under mixotrophic conditions.The addition of glucose imposed no appreciable impact on either cell density or biomass concentration,confirming that P.tricornutum cannot metabolize external glucose.Subsequently,a comparative analysis between mixotrophy and autotrophy was performed to reveal the influences of glycerol on the cellular metabolism based on growth performances,biochemical compositions,and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters.Results also indicate that the addition of glycerol did not have detrimental effects on the capacity of either pigments biosynthesis or photosynthesis,but enhanced the saturated fatty acids and reduced the unsaturated fatty acids.

Structure characterization of the oxide film on FGH96 superalloy powders with various oxidation degrees

The structure of the oxide film on FGH96 alloy powders significantly influences the mechanical properties of superalloys.In this study,FGH96 alloy powders with various oxygen contents were investigated using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and atomic probe technology to elucidate the structure evolution of the oxide film.Energy dispersive spectrometer analysis revealed the presence of two distinct components in the oxide film of the alloy powders:amorphous oxide layer covering the γ matrix and amorphous oxide particles above the carbide.The alloying elements within the oxide layer showed a laminated distribution,with Ni,Co,Cr,and Al/Ti,which was attributed to the decreasing oxygen equilibrium pressure as oxygen diffused from the surface into the γ matrix.On the other hand,Ti enrichment was observed in the oxide particles caused by the oxidation and decomposition of the carbide phase.Comparative analysis of the oxide film with oxygen contents of 140,280,and 340 ppm showed similar element distributions,while the thickness of the oxide film varies approximately at 9,14,and 30 nm,respectively.These findings provide valuable insights into the structural analysis of the oxide film on FGH96 alloy powders.

Uncertainty quantification of inverse analysis for geomaterials using probabilistic programming

Uncertainty is an essentially challenging for safe construction and long-term stability of geotechnical engineering.The inverse analysis is commonly utilized to determine the physico-mechanical parameters.However,conventional inverse analysis cannot deal with uncertainty in geotechnical and geological systems.In this study,a framework was developed to evaluate and quantify uncertainty in inverse analysis based on the reduced-order model(ROM)and probabilistic programming.The ROM was utilized to capture the mechanical and deformation properties of surrounding rock mass in geomechanical problems.Probabilistic programming was employed to evaluate uncertainty during construction in geotechnical engineering.A circular tunnel was then used to illustrate the proposed framework using analytical and numerical solution.The results show that the geomechanical parameters and associated uncertainty can be properly obtained and the proposed framework can capture the mechanical behaviors under uncertainty.Then,a slope case was employed to demonstrate the performance of the developed framework.The results prove that the proposed framework provides a scientific,feasible,and effective tool to characterize the properties and physical mechanism of geomaterials under uncertainty in geotechnical engineering problems.

Flower development and sexual dimorphism in Vernicia montana

The mu oil tree(Vernicia montana Lour.) is a dioecious species, but the genetic mechanisms underlying its phenotypic sexual dimorphism are unclear. In this study, we determined two pivotal phases of sex differentiation of mu oil tree via morphological and histological analyses of unisexual flowers:(Ⅰ) differentiation of male or female primordia to produce staminate flowers(SFs) or transient hermaphrodite flowers(HFs),and(Ⅱ) complete abortion of stamens in transient HFs to generate pistillate flowers(PFs). A total of 1621 sex-biased genes were identified by comparative transcriptome analysis which exhibited elevated rates of protein evolution than unbiased genes. The female-biased genes were enriched in the production of defense compounds while male-biased genes were focused on the production of viable pollens. Transcriptomebased analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes(DEGs) between PFs and SFs in phase Ⅰ involved in abscisic acid(ABA), auxin(AUX), cytokinin(CK), ethylene(ET), and gibberellin(GA) biosynthesis and signaling showed higher expression levels in males than in females in general, whereas the DEGs involved in jasmonic acid(JA) and salicylic acid(SA) pathways displayed opposite expression patterns. Moreover,differentially expressed endogenous ABA, AUX, GAs, JA, and SA exhibited consistent biased expression patterns with the DEGs by UPLC-MSbased analysis. Exogenous application of an anti-ethylene plant growth regulator could promote the development of stamens in PFs and generated HFs. Comparative transcriptomic and hormonal analyses of PFs and SFs in phase Ⅱ indicated an increase in ET concentration when abortion of stamens in PFs occurred. This study suggested that phytohormones play key roles in sex dimorphism and ET may determine the development of stamens in PFs of mu oil tree, which provides an insight into plant sex differentiation mechanisms.