The energetic optimization problem,e.g.,searching for the optimal switching protocol of certain system parameters to minimize the input work,has been extensively studied by stochastic thermodynamics.In this work,we st...The energetic optimization problem,e.g.,searching for the optimal switching protocol of certain system parameters to minimize the input work,has been extensively studied by stochastic thermodynamics.In this work,we study this problem numerically using iterative dynamic programming.The model systems under investigation are toy actuators consisting of spring-linked beads with loading force imposed on both ending beads.For the simplest case,i.e.,a one-spring actuator driven by tuning the stiffness of the spring,we compare the optimal control protocol of the stiffness for both the overdamped and the underdamped situations,and discuss how inertial effects alter the irreversibility of the driven process and thus modify the optimal protocol.Then,we study the systems with multiple degrees of freedom by constructing oligomer actuators,in which the harmonic interaction between the two ending beads is tuned externally.With the same rated output work,actuators of different constructions demand different minimal input work,reflecting the influence of the internal degrees of freedom on the performance of the actuators.展开更多
文摘The energetic optimization problem,e.g.,searching for the optimal switching protocol of certain system parameters to minimize the input work,has been extensively studied by stochastic thermodynamics.In this work,we study this problem numerically using iterative dynamic programming.The model systems under investigation are toy actuators consisting of spring-linked beads with loading force imposed on both ending beads.For the simplest case,i.e.,a one-spring actuator driven by tuning the stiffness of the spring,we compare the optimal control protocol of the stiffness for both the overdamped and the underdamped situations,and discuss how inertial effects alter the irreversibility of the driven process and thus modify the optimal protocol.Then,we study the systems with multiple degrees of freedom by constructing oligomer actuators,in which the harmonic interaction between the two ending beads is tuned externally.With the same rated output work,actuators of different constructions demand different minimal input work,reflecting the influence of the internal degrees of freedom on the performance of the actuators.
