Density functional calculations of efficient H_2 separation from impurity gases(H_2,N_2,H_2O,CO,Cl_2, and CH_4)via bilayer g-C_3N_4 membrane

Membrane technology has been used for H_2 purification. In this paper, the systematic density functional simulations are conducted to study the separation of H_2 from the impurity gases(H_2, N_2, H_2 O, CO, Cl_2, and CH_4) by the bilayer porous graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_3 N_4) membrane. Theoretically, the bilayer g-C3 N4 membrane with a diameter of about3.25 A? should be a perfect candidate for H_2 purification from these mixed gases, which is verified by the high selectivity(S) for H_2 over other kinds of gases(3.43 × 1028 for H_2/N2; 1.40 × 1028 for H_262/H_2 O; 1.60 × 10 for H_2/CO; 4.30 × 10^(14) for H_2/Cl_2; 2.50 × 10^(55) for H_2/CH_4), and the permeance(P) of H_2(13 mol/m^2·s·Pa) across the bilayer g-C_3 N_4 membrane at 300 K, which should be of great potential in energy and environmental research. Our studies highlight a new approach towards the final goal of high P and high S molecular-sieving membranes used in simple structural engineering.

Effect of splitting combination of different components of Zhilong Huoxue Tongyu Capsule on vascular remodeling in hypertension

目的：观察蛭龙活血通瘀胶囊拆方组分对大鼠血管NF-κB-P65、ICAM-1表达的影响,探讨蛭龙活血通瘀胶囊及其拆方组分对高血压血管重构的影响及作用机制.方法：手术组缩窄左肾动脉建立肾性高血压大鼠模型.分别给予相应药物1次/日灌胃,以同体积生理盐水灌胃正常组、假手术组与模型组.灌胃4周后,取大鼠胸主动脉,依次固定、包埋、切片、HE染色,免疫组化的方法检测血管NF-κB-p65.结果：1.药物对高血压大鼠胸主动脉NF-κB蛋白表达的影响（免疫组化法）：电镜下,棕黄色颗粒为NF-κB蛋白阳性表达,主要分布于血管中膜平滑肌.正常组及假手术组可见少量的棕黄色颗粒;模型组可见散在分布的大量表达棕黄色颗粒;经治疗后,卡托普利组、全方组表达较模型组明显减少,补气组、温通经络组、活血化瘀组表达较模型组有所减少.其中卡托普利组较全方组有所减少;补气组较活血化瘀组表达明显减少,与温通经络组表达相当.结论：蛭龙活血通瘀胶囊其对肾性高血压大鼠血管重构机制,可能与其降低血压、抗氧化应激、抗炎作用有关.各组方配伍后产生了显著的协同增效作用,其配伍后体现了中医药多靶点的治疗优势.

Efficacy of repeated intravenous esketamine in adolescents with anxious versus non-anxious depression

Background Patients with anxious major depressive disorder(MDD)are more likely to have poorer outcomes than those with non-anxious MDD.However,the effect of esketamine on adolescents with anxious versus non-anxious MDD has remained unknown.Aims We compared the efficacy of esketamine in adolescents with MDD and suicidal ideation,both anxious and non-anxious.Methods Fifty-four adolescents with anxious(n=33)and non-anxious(n=21)MDD received three infusions of esketamine 0.25mg/kg or active-placebo(midazolam 0.045 mg/kg)over 5 days,with routine inpatient care and treatment.Suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale.Multiple-sample proportional tests were used to compare the differences between groups on treatment outcomes 24 hours after the final infusion(day 6,primacy efficacy endpoint)and throughout the 4-week post-treatment(days 12,19 and 33).Results In subjects who received esketamine,a greater number of patients in the non-anxious group than the anxious group achieved antisuicidal remission on day 6(72.7%vs 18.8%,p=0.015)and day 12(90.9%vs 43.8%,p=0.013),and the non-anxious group had a higher antidepressant remission rate compared with the anxious group on day 33(72.7%vs 26.7%,p=0.045).No significant differences in treatment outcomes were observed between the anxious and non-anxious groups at other time points.Conclusions Three infusions of esketamine as an adjunct to routine inpatient care and treatment had a greater immediate post-treatment antisuicidal effect in adolescents with non-anxious MDD than in those with anxious MDD;however,this benefit was temporary and was not maintained over time.

Introduction to Special Issue on Neurophotonics

Optoelectronics,genomics,and proteomics have ushered in an era of new approaches and tools for neuroscience research,especially optical neuroimaging."Function follows form",anatomical structure is the basis for understanding brain function and brain diseases.Brain function depends on neuronal networks,so from a systems biology perspective,not only should the neuronal level be studied,but also the neuronal networks and system levels.Optical imaging can now be applied at multiple levels,from the gene to the molecule,from the cell to the tissue,and from the organ to the system,to provide critical information that bridges molecular structure and physiological function.

A Confocal Endoscope for Cellular Imaging

Since its inception, endoscopy has aimed to establish an immediate diagnosis that is virtually consistent with a histologic diagnosis. In the past decade, confocal laser scanning microscopy has been brought into endoscopy, thus enabling in vivo microscopic tissue visualization with a magnification and resolution comparable to that obtained with the ex vivo microscopy of histological specimens. The major challenge in the development of instrumentation lies in the miniaturization of a fiber-optic probe for microscopic imaging with micron-scale resolution. Here, we present the design and construction of a confocal endoscope based on a fiber bundle with 1.4-μm lateral resolution and 8-frames per second(fps) imaging speed. The fiber-optic probe has a diameter of 2.6 mm that is compatible with the biopsy channel of a conventional endoscope. The prototype of a confocal endoscope has been used to observe epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tracts of mice and will be further demonstrated in clinical trials. In addition, the confocal endoscope can be used for translational studies of epithelial function in order to monitor how molecules work and how cells interact in their natural environment.

Interplay of neuropilin-1 and semaphorin 3A after partial hepatectomy in rats

AIM:To elucidate the role of neuropilin-1(Nrp-1) and semaphorin 3A(Sema3A) in sinusoidal remodeling during liver regeneration in rats.METHODS:Male Wistar/ST rats at 7 wk of age,weighing about 200 g,were used for all animal experiments.In vivo,at 24,48,72,96,144 and 192 h after twothirds partial hepatectomy(PHx),the remnant livers were removed.Liver tissues were immunohistochemically stained for Nrp-1,Sema3A and SE-1,a liver sinusoidal endothelial cell(SEC) marker.Total RNA of the liver tissue was extracted and reversely transcribed into cDNA.The mRNA expression of Sema3A was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and normalized to that of ribosomal protein S18.In vitro,SECs were isolated from rat liver and cultured in endothelial growth medium containing 20 ng/mL vascular endothelial cell growth factor.Migration of SECs in primary culture was assessed by cell transwell assay with or without recombinant Sema3A.Apoptotic cells were determined by a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling method.RESULTS:In vitro,immunohistochemistry study revealed that Sema3A and Nrp-1 were constitutively expressed in hepatocytes and SECs,respectively,in normal rat liver tissues.Nrp-1 expression in SECs was quantified by the percentage of immunostained area with antiNrp-1 antibody in relation to the area stained with SE-1.Between 24 h and 96 h following resection of liver,Nrp-1 expression in SECs was transiently increased.Compared with the baseline(5.2% ± 0.1%),Nrp-1 expression in SECs significantly increased at 24 h(17.3% ± 0.7%,P < 0.05),48 h(39.1% ± 0.6%,P < 0.01),72 h(46.9% ± 4.5%,P < 0.01) and 96 h(29.9% ± 3.8%,P < 0.01) after PHx,then returned to the basal level at termination of liver regeneration.Interestingly,the expression of Sema3A was inversely associated with that of Nrp-1 in liver after PHx.Sema3A mRNA expression was significantly reduced by about 75% over the period 24-144 h after PHx(P < 0.05),and returned to basal levels at 192 h after PHx.In vitro,SECs isolated from rats after PHx(PHx-SECs) were observed to migrate to the lower chamber of the cell transwell system after incubation for 24 h,but not cells from normal rats(CONT-SECs),indicating that mobility of PHx-SECs increases as compared with that of CONT-SECs.Moreover,recombinant Sema3A significantly attenuated migration in PHx-SECs in primary culture(vehicle-treated 100% ± 7.9% vs Sema3A-treated 42.6% ± 5.4%,P < 0.01),but not in CONT-SECs.Compared with CONTSECs,the apoptotic rate of PHx-SECs decreased by 78.3%(P < 0.05).There was no difference in apoptosis between CONT-SECs that were treated with vehicle and Sema3A.However,in PHx-SECs,apoptosis was induced by the presence of 5 nmol Sema3A for 24 h(vehicle-treated 21.7% ± 7.6% vs Sema3A-treated 104.3% ± 8.9%,P < 0.05).In addition,immunohistochemistry confirmed the increased expression of Nrp-1 in PHx-SECs,while it was noted to a lesser extent in CONT-SECs.CONCLUSION:The interplay of Nrp-1 and Sema3A shown in our results may lead to a better understanding of interaction between sinusoidal remodeling and SECs during liver regeneration.

Ideal strength of Mg_(2)X(X¼Si,Ge,Sn and Pb)from first-principles

First-principles calculations within generalized gradient approximation have been performed to investigate ideal strengths of anti-fluorite structured Mg_(2)X(X¼Si,Ge,Sn and Pb)compounds.The present calculations showed that the ideal tensile strengths of Mg_(2)X occur in the[111]directions while the ideal shear strengths appear in the(111)[11-2]systems.Both ideal tensile strength and shear strength of Mg_(2)X(X¼Si,Ge,Sn and Pb)decreased gradually with the increase of atomic number of X.The microscopic process and inherent mechanisms of mechanical properties were discussed from the evolution of electronic structures during strain.

HIGH RESOLUTION,REAL-TIME LINE-FIELD FOURIER-DOMAIN INTERFEROMETRY

To increase the application potential in manufacturing process,such as monitoring the processing performance,the profile measurement should be provided in real-time display and with high resolution simultaneously.We propose a line-field Fourier-domain interferometric method(LFI),which combines the line-field microscope with spectral interferometer,for the surface cross-sectional profile measurement with no scan needed.The white light and objectives are employed to offer high axial and lateral resolution,respectively.In our system setup,the measurement could be implemented in real-time display of 10 frame/s,and the resolutions of the LFI system in X;Y,and Z directions are~8μm,~3.2μm,and~1.4μm,respectively.As a demonstration,the cross-sectional profiles of a microfluidic chip are tested.The graphics processing unit is also used to accelerate the reconstruction algorithm to achieve the real-time display of the cross-sectional profiles.

All-fiber-transmission photometry for simultaneous optogenetic stimulation and multi-color neuronal activity recording

Manipulating and real-time monitoring of neuronal activities with cell-type specificity and precise spatiotemporal resolution during animal behavior are fundamental technologies for exploring the functional connectivity, information transmission, and physiological functions of neural circuits in vivo. However, current techniques for optogenetic stimulation and neuronal activity recording mostly operate independently. Here, we report an all-fiber-transmission photometry system for simultaneous optogenetic manipulation and multi-color recording of neuronal activities and the neurotransmitter release in a freely moving animal. We have designed and manufactured a wavelength-independent multi-branch fiber bundle to enable simultaneous optogenetic manipulation and multi-color recording at different wavelengths. Further, we combine a laser of narrow linewidth with the lock-in amplification method to suppress the optogenetic stimulation-induced artifacts and channel crosstalk. We show that the collection efficiency of our system outperforms a traditional epi-fluorescence system. Further, we demonstrate successful recording of dynamic dopamine(DA) responses to unexpected rewards in the nucleus accumbens(NAc) in a freely moving mouse. We also show simultaneous dual-color recording of neuronal Ca2+ signals and DA dynamics in the NAc upon delivering an unexpected reward and the simultaneous optogenetic activating at dopaminergic terminals in the same location. Thus, our multi-function fiber photometry system provides a compatible, efficient, and flexible solution for neuroscientists to study neural circuits and neurological diseases.

Primary myelofibrosis with thrombophilia as first symptom combined with thalassemia and Gilbert syndrome:A case report

BACKGROUND A 46-year-old Han man first had sigmoid sinus and transverse sinus venous thrombosis at the age of 42.At the age of 44,he once again developed thrombosis.Genetic testing showed heterozygous SERPINC1 mutation,bone marrow biopsy showed fibrosis grade 1(MF-1),and JAK2 V617F mutation was positive,accompanied by UGT1A1 mutation andβ-thalassemia gene mutation.CASE SUMMARY A 46-year-old Han man was first found to have sigmoid sinus and transverse sinus venous thrombosis at the age of 42 but had no individual or family thrombosis history,and he had been regularly taking warfarin anticoagulant therapy for a long period of time.At the age of 44,venous thrombosis reappeared in parts of the intrahepatic vein,main portal vein,splenic vein,and superior mesenteric vein,and his spleen was obviously enlarged.He had a history of jaundice for many years,and genetic testing revealed that he carried a heterozygous SERPINC1 mutation.Bone marrow biopsy showed multifocal fibrous tissue hyperplasia among trabeculae and focal fibrosis.He was positive for the JAK2 V617F mutation.At the same time,UGT1A1 andβ-thalassemia gene mutations existed,and a SERPINC1 mutation and UGT1A1 mutation were both found in his parents.CONCLUSION The patient in this case had thrombophilia as the primary symptom,JAK2V617-positive myeloproliferative neoplasm(MPN)was the main potential cause,and hereditary AT-III deficiency may have been one of multiple secondary causes.It remains to be determined whether UGT1A1 andβ-thalassemia gene mutations are related to thrombophilia.However,the clinical features of MPN in this patient were hidden,and the relevant clinical features of coexisting thalassemia and hereditary Gilbert syndrome,reported here for the first time domestically and abroad,were complicating factors,causing great difficulties for a clear diagnosis.Thus,when thrombophilia has been determined,it is necessary to screen the relevant latent problems overall.When the clinical features cannot be perfectly explained by one etiology,a relevant comprehensive examination should also be initiated from the perspective of multiple etiologies.

Orthogonal Aza-BODIPY–BODIPY dyad as heavy-atom free photosensitizer for photo-initiated antibacterial therapy

Photodynamic antibacterial therapy shows great potential in bacterial infection and the reactive oxygen species(ROS)production of the photosensitizers is crucial for the therapeutic e®ect.Introducing heavy atoms is a common strategy to enhance photodynamic performance,while dark toxicity can be induced to impede further clinical application.Herein,a novel halogen-free photosensitizer Aza-BODIPY-BODIPY dyad NDB with an orthogonal molecular conguration was synthesized for photodynamic antibacterial therapy.The absorption and emission peaks of NDB photosensitizer in toluene were observed at 703 nm and 744 nm,respectively.The°uorescence(FL)lifetime was measured to be 2.8 ns in toluene.Under 730 nm laser illumination,the ROS generation capability of NDB was 3-fold higher than that of the commercial ICG.After nanoprecipitation,NDB NPs presented the advantages of high photothermal conversion e±ciency(39.1%),good photostability,and excellent biocompatibility.More importantly,in vitro antibacterial assay conrmed that the ROS and the heat generated by NDB NPs could extirpate methicillin-resistant S.aureus e®ectively upon exposure to 730 nm laser,suggesting the potential application of NDB NPs in photo-initiated antibacterial therapy.

INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL SECTION IN MEMORY OF DR. BRITTON CHANCE

Hanged on the wall outside the office of Dr.Chance at the University of Pennsylvania is a thick plaque(
4-1:5 feet)dedicated to Dr.Chance by his students at his 90'th birthday,saying桃李天下(Tao Li Tian Xia).This is a traditional Chinese idiom praising great teachers.桃李天下literally means"peaches and plums all over the world".

FOREWORD

We are pleased to publish the third issue(Vol.2,No.1)of Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences(JIOHS)which focuses on the developments and biomedical applications of nonlinear optical(NLO)microscopy.NLO microscopy is becoming a powerful tool for bioimaging due to several unique advantages over traditional methods.Nonlinear dependence on excitation intensity gives NLO microscopy inherent three-dimensional(3D)imaging capability without the need for a confocal pinhole.This is particularly advantageous in the case of tissue imaging where significant scattering can reduce the signal collection efficiency by confocal detection.Laser scanning facilitates real-time NLO imaging of live tissues and animals.NLO microscopy utilizes near IR excitation which provides both superior optical penetration into tissues as well as reduced photodamage due to reduced interaction with endogenous molecules.This issue includes seven original papers and five review articles.

Rice GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE1-mediated oxidation of bZIP68 positively regulates ABA-independent osmotic stress signaling

Osmotic stress caused by drought and high salinity is a significant environmental threat that limits plant growth and agricultural yield. Redox regulation plays an important role in plant stress responses, but the mechanisms by which plants perceive and transduce redox signals are still underexplored. Here, we report a critical function for the thiol peroxidase GPX1 in osmotic stress response in rice, where it serves as a redox sensor and transducer. GPX1 is quickly oxidized upon exposure to osmotic stress and forms an intramolecular disulfide bond, which is required for the activation of bZIP68, a VRE-like basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor involved in the ABA-independent osmotic stress response pathway. The disulfide exchange between GPX1 and bZIP68 induces homo-tetramerization of bZIP68 and thus positively regulates osmotic stress response by regulating osmotic-responsive gene expression. Furthermore, we discovered that the nuclear translocation of GPX1 is regulated by its acetylation under osmotic stress. Taken together, our findings not only uncover the redox regulation of the GPX1-bZIP68 module during osmotic stress but also highlight the coordination of protein acetylation and redox signaling in plant osmotic stress responses.

A DFT study of two-dimensional P_2Si monolayer modified by single transition metal(Sc-Cu)atoms for efficient electrocatalytic CO_(2)reduction

In the present work,a stable two-dimensional(2D)P_(2)Si monolayer was predicted.The monolayer is semimetallic/metallic under the PBE/HSE06 functional and is mechanically isotropic.The stability of the P_(2)Si monolayer has been proved via cohesive energy,mechanical criteria,molecular dynamics simulation,and phonon dispersion respectively,and the monolayer possesses high carrier mobility which is three times that of Mo S_(2).On the other hand,the catalytic performance of the P_(2)Si monolayer modified with a single transition metals(M=Sc-Cu)atom for the electrochemical reduction of CO_(2)was investigated,and the monolayer can catalyze CO_(2)with three constraints:stable molecular dynamics,high migration potential of metal atoms,and suitable band gap for electrocatalyst after metal doping exhibiting excellent catalytic stabilization activity and CRR selectivity.In addition,the reduction product of V@P_(2)Si is HCOOH with an overpotential as low as 0.75 V,and the most suitable reaction path is^(*)CO_(2)→^(*)CHOO→O^(*)CHOH→^(*)+HCOOH with the final reduction product HCOOH obtained.As a whole,the above results endow the P_(2)Si monolayer to be a good 2D material holding great promises for applications in nanoelectronics and CO_(2)reduction catalysts.

A review on hydrogen production from ammonia borane:Experimental and theoretical studies

Ammonia borane(NHsBH3,AB)is an ideal raw material of hydrogen production with higher hydrogen storage capacity.In this paper,the catalytic processes of AB dehydrogenation were described from different ways,including thermal dehydrogenation,hydrolysis,methanolysis,photocatalysis and photopiezoelectric synergy catalysis with experimental research and theoretical calculations.Catalyst models include bulk materials,two-dimensional materials,nanocluster particles and single/diatomic structures.Among them,the proportion of H2 released is different,and the reaction conditions are also different,which are suitable for different application scenarios.Through this review,we could have a preliminary comprehensive understanding of AB dehydrogenation reaction.

Highly active Fe_(36)Co_(44) bimetallic nanoclusters catalysts for hydrolysis of ammonia borane: The first-principles study

In this paper,Fe_(36)Co_(44)nanocluster structure is used to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction of ammonia borane to produce H_(2).Firstly,we complete the construction of Fe_(36)Co_(44)cluster structure and calculate the electronic properties of the cluster.By comparing the adsorption process of Ammonia Borane (AB) in active sites of the cluster,which have different Effective Coordination Number (ECN),the qualitative relationship between ECN and the catalytic activation of AB is clarified,and the optimal catalytic active site is obtained.Then,from the perspective of different reaction paths,we study the hydrolysis reaction of AB in multiple paths,and obtain 5 different reaction paths and energy profiles.The calculation results show that in the case of N–H bond priority break (path 5),the reaction has the minimum rate-determining step (RDS) barrier (about 1.02 e V) and the entire reaction is exothermic (about 0.40 e V).So,path 5 is an optimal catalytic reaction path.This study will have an important guiding significance for the study of the AB hydrolysis reaction mechanism.

A promising controllable CO_(2)capture and separation materials for CO_(2)/CH_(4)/H_(2)under electric field

As the greenhouse effect concerns increases,the development of new materials for the efficient capture and separation of CO_(2)gas from gas mixtures has become a matter of urgency.In this study,we performed density functional theory(DFT)calculations to investigate the adsorption and separation behavior of CO_(2)/CH_(4)/H_(2)on the surface of two-dimensional(2D)Al_(2)C materials under positive/negative applied electric fields.In the absence of an electric field CO_(2)is weakly physisorbed on the Al_(2)C surface,but with the application of an applied electric field,the adsorption state of CO_(2)gradually changes from physical to chemisorption(adsorption energy changes from-0.29 e V to-3.61 e V),while the negative electric field has little effect on the adsorption of CO_(2).We conclude that the C=O bond in adsorbed CO_(2)can be activated under an external electric field(maximum activation of 15%under an external electric field of 0-0.005 a.u.).Only in the presence of an applied electric field of 0.0033 a.u.and temperatures above525 K/675 K can the adsorption/separation reaction of CO_(2)single adsorption and CO_(2)/CH_(4)/H_(2)mixture be spontaneous.The adsorption/desorption of CO_(2)on Al_(2)C nanosheet in an electric field of 0.003-0.0033 a.u.is all exothermic,which can be easily controlled by switching on/off the electric field without any energy barriers.The capacity of Al_(2)C to capture CO_(2)per unit electric field decreases with increasing CO_(2)concentration,but still has efficient gas separation properties for CO_(2)/CH_(4)/H_(2).Our theoretical results could provide guidance for designing high-capacity and high-selectivity CO_(2)capture materials.

Computational design of BC_(3)N_(2) based single atom catalyst for dramatic activation of inert CO_(2) and CH4 gasses into CH_(3)COOH with ultralow CH_(4) dissociation barrier

The production of CH_(3)COOH from CO_(2)and CH_(4) has stimulated much interest due to the high energy density of C2 species.Various kinds of catalysts have been developed while the high dissociation barrier of CH_(4) and low selectivity still hinders the efficiency of the reaction.We have herein proposed a novel catalyst with single metals loaded on 2D BC_(3)N_(2) substrate(M@2D-BC_(3)N_(2))based on density functional theory.Among numerous candidates,Pt@2D-BC_(3)N_(2) possesses the most favorable reactivity with an ultralow barrier of CH_(4) splitting(0.26 e V),which is due to the efficient capture ability of CH_(4) on Pt site.Besides,the selectivity for CH_(3)COOH is also very high,which mainly stems from the unique electronic properties of molecules and substrate:The degenerated states,including s,px,pyand pz,in CO_(2)reflects the existence of delocalizedπbonds between C and O.This can interact with states of Pt(s),Pt(pz),Pt(dxz),Pt(dyz),and Pt(z2)in Pt@2D-BC_(3)N_(2).The kinetics model also proves that our system can promote CH_(3)COOH production via simply increasing the temperature or the coverage of CH_(4) and CO_(2).Our results provide a reasonable illustration in clarifying mechanism and propose promising candidates with high reactivity for further study.

Super-simplified fiber scanner for cellular-resolution endoscopic imaging

Fiber scanners are portable and miniaturized laser scanning devices used for a wide range of applications,such as endoscopic probes for biomedical imaging.However,in order to achieve different resonant frequencies for 2D actuation,existing fiber scanners have complex actuation mechanisms and structures,resulting in being an obstacle for endoscopic imaging.By exploiting the intrinsic difference in bending stiffness of non-symmetrical fibers,we present the most simplified fiber scanner to date,containing only a single piezoelectric bimorph and a single non-symmetrical fiber with a 1D actuator for 2D laser scanning.5-fps(frames per second)Lissajous scan is achieved with a scanning range of>300μm and a driving voltage of≤10Vpp.The ultra simplified structure of the fiber scanner enables a miniaturized optical probe with a diameter of 1.9 mm,and image quality comparable to that of commercial microscopes.Taking advantage of its ease of manufacture and low cost,the fiber scanner offers a transformative way forward for disposable endoscopic probes that avoid the risk of cross infection during endoscopic inspections.