A Survey of Knowledge Graph Construction Using Machine Learning

Knowledge graph(KG)serves as a specialized semantic network that encapsulates intricate relationships among real-world entities within a structured framework.This framework facilitates a transformation in information retrieval,transitioning it from mere string matching to far more sophisticated entity matching.In this transformative process,the advancement of artificial intelligence and intelligent information services is invigorated.Meanwhile,the role ofmachine learningmethod in the construction of KG is important,and these techniques have already achieved initial success.This article embarks on a comprehensive journey through the last strides in the field of KG via machine learning.With a profound amalgamation of cutting-edge research in machine learning,this article undertakes a systematical exploration of KG construction methods in three distinct phases:entity learning,ontology learning,and knowledge reasoning.Especially,a meticulous dissection of machine learningdriven algorithms is conducted,spotlighting their contributions to critical facets such as entity extraction,relation extraction,entity linking,and link prediction.Moreover,this article also provides an analysis of the unresolved challenges and emerging trajectories that beckon within the expansive application of machine learning-fueled,large-scale KG construction.

LA-D-B1,a novel Abemaciclib derivative,exerts anti-breast cancer effects through CDK4/6

Background:Regulatory proteins involved in human cellular division and proliferation,cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6(CDK4/6)are overexpressed in numerous cancers,including triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC).TNBC is a common pathological subtype of breast cancer that is prone to recurrence and metastasis,and has a single treatment method.As one of the CDK4/6 inhibitors,abemaciclib can effectively inhibit the growth of breast tumors.In this study,we synthesized LA-D-B1,a derivative of Abemaciclib,and investigated its anti-tumor effects in breast cancer.Methods:Cellular viability was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)assay.Cell cloning and migration abilities were determined by colony formation assay and wound healing assay.Cell invasion abilities and adhesion were determined by cell invasion assay and cell adhesion assay.The impact of compound LA-D-B1 on cell proliferation and the cell cycle was analyzed through Western blotting,which quantified the levels of proteins associated with the cyclin-dependent kinase(CDK)4/6-cyclin D-Rb-E2F pathway.The in vivo anti-tumor activity of compound LA-D-B1 was investigated using a chick chorioallantoic membrane(CAM)model.Results:The study demonstrated that LA-D-B1 effectively suppressed breast cancer cell proliferation,induced apoptosis,and caused cell cycle arrest.Furthermore,LA-D-B1 reduced the expression of key proteins in the CDK4/6-cyclin D-Rb-E2F pathway,including CDK4,CDK6 and E2F1.The results also indicated significant antitumor activity of LA-D-B1 in a transplanted tumor model.Conclusion:In this study,LA-D-B1 demonstrated a potent anti-tumor effect by effectively suppressing cell proliferation and inhibiting cell cycle progression in breast cancer.These findings highlight the potential of LA-D-B1 as a valuable compound for enhancing therapeutic outcomes and controlling the progression of breast cancer.

An upgraded polymeric composite with interparticle chemical bonding microstructure toward lithium-ion battery separators with enhanced safety and electrochemical performances

A composite separator of SiC/PVDF-HFP was synthesized for lithium-ion batteries with high thermal and mechanical stabilities.Benefiting from the nanoscale,high hardness,and melting point of SiC,SiC/PVDFHFP with highly uniform microstructure was obtained.This polarization caused by barrier penetration was significantly restrained.Due to the Si-F bond between SiC and PVDF-HFP,the structural stability has been obviously enhanced,which could suppress the growth of lithium(Li) dendrite.Furthermore,some 3D reticulated Si nanowires are found on the surface of Li anode,which also greatly inhibit Li dendrites and result in irregular flakes of Li metal.Especially,the shrinkage of 6% SiC/PVDF-HFP at 150℃ is only 5%,which is notably lower than those of PVDF-HFP and Celgard2500.The commercial LiFePO_(4) cell assembled with 6% SiC/PVDF-HFP possesses a specific capacity of 157.8 mA h g^(-1) and coulomb efficiency of 98% at 80℃.In addition,the tensile strength and modulus of 6% SiC/PVDF-HFP could reach 14.6 and 562 MPa,respectively.And a small deformation(1000 nm) and strong deformation recovery are obtained under a high additional load(2.3 mN).Compared with PVDF-HFP and Celgard2500,the symmetric Li cell assembled with 6% SiC/PVDF-HFP has not polarized after 900 cycles due to its excellent mechanical stabilities.This strategy provides a feasible solution for the composite separator of high-safety batteries with a high temperature and impact resistance.

Design of pH-responsive antimicrobial peptide melittin analog-camptothecin conjugates for tumor therapy

Melittin,a classical antimicrobial peptide,is a highly potent antitumor agent.However,its significant toxicity seriously hampers its application in tumor therapy.In this study,we developed novel melittin analogs with pH-responsive,cell-penetrating and membranelytic activities by replacing arginine and lysine with histidine.After conjugation with camptothecin(CPT),CPT-AAM-1 and CPT-AAM-2 were capable of killing tumor cells by releasing CPT at low concentrations and disrupting cell membranes at high concentrations under acidic conditions.Notably,we found that the C-terminus of the melittin analogs was more suitable for drug conjugation than the N-terminus.CPT-AAM-1 significantly suppressed melanoma growth in vivo with relatively low toxicity.Collectively,the present study demonstrates that the development of antitumor drugs based on pH-responsive antimicrobial peptide-drug conjugates is a promising strategy.

Matrine inhibits mycelia growth of Botryosphaeria dothidea by affecting membrane permeability

Matrine is a promising botanical antifungal;however, the mechanism underlying the antifungal activity is yet limited. We studied the antifungal activity of matrine and the underlying mechanism in Botryosphaeria dothidea as a model strain. Matrine strongly inhibited mycelial growth of B. dothidea in a dose-dependent manner. Matrine-treated B. dothidea showed morphological and ultrastructural alterations, including shriveled hyphae, plasmolysis, and leakage of cytoplasm related to cell membrane deterioration. In addition, matrine caused significantly high conductivity and absorbance (260 nm) in extracellular matrices and low lipid contents in B. dothidea, indicating increased membrane permeability. Lipid peroxidation showed that matrine resulted in increased malondialdehyde content while enhancing the generation of reactive oxygen species and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase. These results showed that matrine inhibited the mycelial growth of B. dothidea by enhancing cell membrane permeability via membrane lipid peroxidation.

Bioinformatics analysis of structure and function in the MRP gene family and its expression in response to various drugs in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Genes homologous to members of the MRP gene family in Caenorhabditis elegans are important in drug resistance.To further explore the molecular mechanism of drug resistance in pine wood nematode(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus),we used bioinformatics approaches to analyze genomic data for B.xylophilus and identified Bx-MRP genes.We predicted the structure and function of the genes and encoded proteins.Using bioinformatics programs to predict and analyze various properties of the predicted proteins,including hydrophobicity,transmembrane regions,phosphorylation sites,and topologically isomeric structures,of these Bx-MRP genes,we determined that they function in transmembrane transport.From the results of RT-qPCR,the Bx-MRP family members confer significant differential resistance to different drug treatments.After treatment with different concentrations of emamectin benzoate,avermectin and matrine,the expression of each gene increased with increasing drug concentrations,indicating that the family members play a positive role in the regulation of multidrug resistance.

Armarium facilitating angina management post myocardial infarction concomitant with coronavirus disease 2019

The outbreak and spread of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)are not only a disaster of people’s life and health over the world,[1–3]but also the challenge for medical practitioner in clinical management.Owing to many diagnostic instruments are not suitable or convenient to use any more in contagious ward considering the risk of cross infections,such as traditional stethoscope or electrocardiogram(ECG).In this scenarios,wireless and digital equipment are optimal choices for epidemic management in order to exert rapid diagnosis and disease evaluation.Herein,we reported a case of the patient suffering both COVID-19 and myocardial infarction,for which the tele-ECG and wireless stethoscope facilitated the accurate diagnosis and instant management.

Pathogenicity of Serratia marcescens to hazelnut weevil(Curculio dieckmanni)

The hazelnut weevil(Curculio dieckmanni Faust.)is a major pest of Asian hazel(Corylus heterophylla Fisch.)in China.Dead hazelnut weevil larvae were examined and the associated pathogenic bacterium was identifi ed as Serratia marcescens Bizio.This signifi cantly shortened the lifespan of hazelnut weevil.Larval weight was reduced as a function of S.marcescens concentration and exposure time.The structure of infected midgut cells was altered,with necrosis of the wall tissues and many cells becoming dislodged,creating cavities.The S.marcencens strain inhibited digestive enzyme activity and protective enzymes in the midgut of adult hazelnut weevil.Inhibition on S.marcencens strain increased with treatment time.S.marcescens directly destroyed the midgut cells and interfered with digestive and protective enzymes.This decreased the food intake and increased mortality of hazelnut weevil.S.marcescens appears to be an eff ective bacterium for the control of hazelnut weevil but requires further study,including biological formulation development and fi eld application.

Molecular characterization and functional analysis of USP-1 by RNA interference in the Asian gypsy moth Lymantria dispar

Ecdysteroids play an important role in regulating diverse physiological processes in arthropods,such as molting,metamorphosis,reproduction and diapause.Ecdysteroids mediate the response by binding to a heterodimeric complex of two nuclear receptors:the ecdysone receptor and the ultraspiracle(USP).To investigate the role of USP in development of the Asian gypsy moth(Lymantria dispar),a USP cDNA was obtained from the transcriptome of L.dispar and verified by PCR.In-depth profiling of transcript levels of L.dispar USP-1(LdUSP-1)at different developmental stages and over time in thirdinstar larvae and different tissues isolated during the thirdinstar stage of L.dispar was then carried out.Transcript levels of LdUSP-1 were relatively high before 72 h in the third-instar larvae after ecdysis and in the adult male.The function of LdUSP-1 in molting was analyzed by knockdown of LdUSP-1 in third instar larvae using RNA interference.Silencing of LdUSP-1 significantly downregulated the transcript level of E75,an ecdysone-inducible gene,and of Sad,a Halloween gene.In addition,the duration of the third-instar stage was slightly shortened and larval mortality increased after the LdUSP-1 knockdown.

Combination therapy of scalp electro-acupuncture and medication for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective:To summarize the current clinical evidence related to the therapeutic effects and safety of adjuvant scalp electro-acupuncture (SEA) treatment for Parkinson's disease in China.Methods:Following the PRISMA statement,seven electronic databases were searched to retrieve randomized controlled clinical trials that used SEA combined with medication as the treatment intervention,and medication as the control.RevMan 5.3 was used to analyze outcomes,including the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS),Webster scale,effectiveness rate,and UPDRS III.Results:Nine randomized controlled trials,with certain methodological flaws and risks of bias,were included that involved 474 participants.SEA combined with medication was more effective than medication alone in overall therapeutic effects,as evidenced by total UPDRS scores (mean difference (MD):7.15,95% confidence interval [CI] 0.24 to 14.07,P =.04),Webster scores (MD:1.60,95% CI 0.20 to 2.99,P =.03),and effectiveness rate (risk ratio:1.35,95% CI 1.19 to 1.54,P <.001).In addition,there was significant improvement in pooled motor function results after adjuvant SEA treatment compared with medication alone (MD:5.75,95% Cl 4.18 to 7.32,P <.001).Conclusion:The combination of SEA and medication may be a promising intervention for patients with Parkinson's disease,especially to improve motor function.However,results were inconclusive,and additional studies with rigorous experimental design and larger sample sizes are needed to verify these results.

In-plane current-induced magnetization reversal of Pd/CoZr/MgO magnetic multilayers

High critical current density(>10^(6)A/cm^(2))is one of major obstacles to realize practical applications of the currentdriven magnetization reversal devices.In this work,we successfully prepared Pd/CoZr(3.5 nm)/MgO thin films with large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and demonstrated a way of reducing the critical current density with a low out-of-plane magnetic field in the Pd/CoZr/MgO stack.Under the assistance of an out-of-plane magnetic field,the magnetization can be fully reversed with a current density of about 10^(4)A/cm^(2).The magnetization reversal is attributed to the combined effect of the out-of-plane magnetic field and the current-induced spin-orbital torque.It is found that the current-driven magnetization reversal is highly relevant to the temperature owing to the varied spin-orbital torque,and the current-driven magnetization reversal will be more efficient in low-temperature range,while the magnetic field is helpful for the magnetization reversal in high-temperature range.

Correlation of abnormal ASC and ASC-b expression with serum inflammatory mediator secretion in patients with gouty arthritis

Objective: To study the correlation of abnormal expression of apoptsis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) and its subtype ASC-b with serum inflammatory mediator secretion in patients with gouty arthritis. Methods: Patients with acute gouty arthritis and patients with intermittent gouty arthritis who were treated in the People's Hospital of Deyang City between July 2014 and March 2017 were selected as the AGA group and IGA group of the research respectively, and healthy volunteers who received physical examination in the People's Hospital of Deyang City during the same period were selected as the control group of the research. The ASC and ASC-b expression in peripheral blood and inflammatory mediator levels in serum were measured. Results: Peripheral blood ASC and ASC-b mRNA expression as well as serum IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, PGE2, IL-6, IL-8, DKK-1, TRAP5b, ANGPTL4, RANKL and APN/CD31 levels of AGA group were significantly higher than those of IGA group and control group, and peripheral blood ASC and ASC-b mRNA expression as well as serum IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, PGE2, IL-6, IL-8, DKK-1, TRAP5b, ANGPTL4, RANKL and APN/CD31 levels of IGA group were not significantly different from those of control group;peripheral blood ASC and ASC-b mRNA expression of patients with AGA were positively correlated with serum IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, PGE2, IL-6, IL-8, DKK-1, TRAP5b, ANGPTL4, RANKL and APN/CD31 levels. Conclusion: High expression of ASC and ASC-b in peripheral blood of patients with gouty arthritis is closely related to the activation of inflammatory response and the bone destruction in the joints.

Adaptive deep learning for head and neck cancer detection using hyperspectral imaging

It can be challenging to detect tumor margins during surgery for complete resection.The purpose of this work is to develop a novel learning method that learns the difference between the tumor and benign tissue adaptively for cancer detection on hyperspectral images in an animal model.Specifically,an auto-encoder network is trained based on the wavelength bands on hyperspectral images to extract the deep information to create a pixel-wise prediction of cancerous and benign pixel.According to the output hypothesis of each pixel,the misclassified pixels would be reclassified in the right prediction direction based on their adaptive weights.The auto-encoder network is again trained based on these updated pixels.The learner can adaptively improve the ability to identify the cancer and benign tissue by focusing on the misclassified pixels,and thus can improve the detection performance.The adaptive deep learning method highlighting the tumor region proved to be accurate in detecting the tumor boundary on hyperspectral images and achieved a sensitivity of 92.32%and a specificity of 91.31%in our animal experiments.This adaptive learning method on hyperspectral imaging has the potential to provide a noninvasive tool for tumor detection,especially,for the tumor whose margin is indistinct and irregular.

武汉市青山区社区老年慢性病患者药物因素对跌倒的影响及预测模型研究

目的分析武汉市青山区社区老年慢性非传染性疾病(以下简称“慢性病”)患者药物因素对跌倒的影响,构建风险预测模型。方法采用整群随机抽样方法,选取武汉市青山区4个社区608例老年慢性病患者为调查对象,收集患者年龄、性别、用药情况、跌倒发生情况等信息,通过多因素Logistic回归模型分析影响用药后跌倒发生的因素,建立跌倒风险列线图预测模型,并应用Bootstrap法验证模型效能。结果608例老年慢性病患者中,152例(25%)发生用药后跌倒,多因素Logistic回归分析显示,女性[OR=1.835,95%CI(1.228,2.742),P=0.003]、使用降糖药[OR=2.721,95%CI(1.727,4.286),P<0.001]、使用镇静催眠药[OR=1.948,95%CI(1.220,3.111),P=0.005]、使用降压药[OR=1.779,95%CI(1.119,2.829),P=0.015]、服用≥2种药物[OR=2.251,95%CI(1.309,3.869),P=0.003]、服药依从性差[OR=3.048,95%CI(1.926,4.824),P<0.001]等6个因素是用药后跌倒的危险因素。根据上述因素构建跌倒风险列线图预测模型,模型验证结果显示,分类校正曲线贴合较为紧密,受试者工作特征曲线下面积为0.7200[95%CI(0.6695,0.7706),P<0.05]。结论武汉市青山区社区老年慢性病患者跌倒发生率较高,社区医务人员及家属应给予重视,建立的预测模型有较好的预测价值,有助于采取针对性的干预措施,预防和降低社区老年慢性病患者跌倒的发生。

头发与头皮护理的科学基础(Ⅵ)——头皮油脂的特点及调控手段

头皮健康日益成为消费者选择发用产品时的关注重点,而头皮油脂是影响头皮健康的关键因素之一。皮脂本身是头皮屏障的重要组分部分,起着保护皮肤、保存水分、维持皮肤稳态等作用,由皮脂腺分泌。皮脂腺位于真皮层,通过全浆分泌产生皮脂,皮脂腺上存在着大量受体,受多种机制调控,其功能的异常会导致多种皮脂腺疾病,引发一系列的头皮健康问题。本文概述了皮脂和皮脂腺的功能及特点,介绍了当前几种皮脂调控理论,并对皮脂分泌的实验评价方法进行概述,总结了市面上控油产品原料及其机理,旨在为皮脂腺相关功能的皮肤护理问题和控油产品的开发解决提供参考依据。

头发与头皮护理的科学基础(Ⅰ)——水分对头发性能的影响以及头发保湿锁水功效的研究

水分是头发的一个重要组成部分,水分子通过与角蛋白的作用以不同的赋存状态存在于头发内部。水分含量的多少及其存在形式会直接影响头发某些性能,而头发的损伤也会反过来影响头发内部水分。通过对头发水分含量、存在状态等方面的探究可以反映头发的健康/损伤状态。本文介绍了头发内部水分含量及赋存状态的表征方法,阐述了头发吸水/失水曲线的含义,分析了头发水分含量及流失速率与头发性质的关系并列举分析了市面上几种头发保湿剂及其保湿原理,以期对护发产品中保湿成分的开发和应用提供借鉴。

头发与头皮护理的科学基础(Ⅱ)——头发的谱学表征技术

当前发用品的开发与研究过程中,人们往往较多关注于光泽、梳理性、蓬松度、力学性能等表观性能的评价与检测上,而对表观性能背后头发在分子层面上的变化研究较少。随着现代光谱学技术的发展,红外光谱、拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱与X射线荧光光谱等已被广泛应用于头发的相关研究中,为头发内部成分差异、不同环境下的损伤情况以及护发新原料的作用机理提供了大量分子层面的解释和科学证据支持。基于此,本文介绍了常用于头发表征的光谱学技术,对样品制备、表征仪器、数据分析方法等内容进行了总结与梳理,阐述了头发内部不同区域的化学组成差异,列举了数个基于谱学表征证据分析头发性质与结构之间的关系的案例,以期为护发新原料、新产品的开发提供参考。

头发与头皮护理的科学基础(Ⅶ)——头发灰白的原因及变黑的方法

随着头发灰白年轻化的趋势发展,头发颜色日益成为大众关注的重点。然而头发灰白的确切原因目前还不清楚,在此,本讲座从黑色素(melanin)的合成路径出发,回顾了以往关于头发灰白机制的研究,整理了目前较被认同的两种途径。同时,介绍了天然产物在“白转黑”中的应用潜力,并列举了几种天然黑色物质,如氧化石墨烯、聚多巴胺等在染黑发方面的研究,希望为无毒无危害的染黑剂和促黑产品的开发和应用提供参考。

头发与头皮护理的科学基础(Ⅷ)——防脱生发体外评价方法以及植物防脱原料研究进展

随着科技发展和人们生活水平的改善,大众的审美亦逐渐提高,人们对于外貌尤其是头发方面愈加关注,防脱、生发也成为了大家关注的焦点。脱发,是指头发脱落的一种生理现象,分为生理性脱发和病理性脱发。毛囊(HF)在毛发形态的形成和生长中起着重要作用,不同的细胞信号通路和生长因子参与调控毛囊生长周期。本文基于人真皮乳头细胞(HDPCs)模型,综述了几种体外应激诱导模型,通过模型中标记物的变化,以此来考察和筛选防脱原料的功效。此外,还列举了几种常见的植物防脱原料,并概括其在毛囊中的作用机理,希望为今后防脱生发理论的研究和植物防脱原料开发提供参考。

头发与头皮护理的科学基础(Ⅴ)——头发光老化及其防护

皮肤防晒的概念已经深入消费者的内心,但头发的防晒对中国消费者来说仍是一个较新的概念。与皮肤一样,日常生活中的紫外线和可见光等辐射也会对头发造成损伤,在分子层面体现为头发中物质的降解(例如:蛋白质、氨基酸,脂质,黑色素等)。头发损伤会使其表观性质出现变化,导致头发出现梳理性下降、粗糙度和摩擦力上升、吸水性和溶胀增加、表面亲水性增强、力学性能下降、光泽度下降等不利现象。因此在护发产品中增加护理成分来防止光老化是十分必要的。本文分析了头发光老化的过程和其中的物质变化,并对光老化引起的头发问题及针对此问题的防护产品进行介绍。