Relation between K469E gene polymorphism of ICAM-1 and recurrence of ACS and cardiovascular mortality

Objective:To explore the relation between K469E gene polymorphism of intercellular adhesion molecular-1(ICAM-1) and the recurrence of ACS and cardiovascular mortality.Methods:A total of 185 patients with ACS hospitalized in Department of Cardiology in our hospital from Sep 2007 to Sep 2008 were selected as objectives.Polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze K469E gene polymorphism of ICAM-1.According to the genotypes,they were divided into two groups: group with K allele(KK+KE) and group without K allele(EE).The two groups were followed up prospectively for five years and blood lipid,blood pressure,blood glucose,recurrence and death of ACS were collected when the patients left hospital.The relation between ICAM-1 gene polymorphism and the recurrence of ACS and cardiovascular mortality was analyzed by Logistic regression.Results:After long-term follow-up,it was found that ACS recurred on 71 cases(38.4%) and 10 cases died,among which 3 cases died of cardiovascular disease.The recurrence of ACS and cardiovascular mortality in group with K allele were remarkably higher than that in group without K allele(P<0.01).After multivariate Longistic regression adjusted ages,gender, weight indexes,TC,LDL-C,TC,smoking,drinking,family history of cardiovascular disease, history of hypertension and the severity of coronary artery disease,the risks of ACS recurrence and cardiovascular mortality in group with genotype KK+KE was 3.31 and 3.53 times of those in group with genotype EE respectively(P<0.01).When the independent variable of hypertension was introduced in regression analysis,the risks of ACS recurrence and cardiovascular mortality in group with K allele both decreased(P<0.05).When the independent variable of HDL-C was introduced,different genotypes of ICAM-1 weren't relevant with ACS recurrence and cardiovascular mortality(P>0.05).Conclusions:K469E gene polymorphism of ICAM-1 was related to ACS recurrence and cardiovascular mortality,K allele probably an independent risky factor and hypertension and to which the level of HDL-C were closely related.

Limited Fraction of Crystallized Side Chains in Bottlebrush Poly(n-alkyl methacrylate)s

Crystallinity of bottlebrush polymers due to side chain crystallization has been considered to be related to the length of the side chains only under the assumption of complete participation of crystallization by all sidechains.Recent experimental results revealed that in poly(n-alkyl methacrylate)s a fraction of side chains could not crystallize due to constraints imposed by the trapped main chain entanglements and required expansi on of main chain-main chain distanee.This result renders the original simplified con sideration of the origin of crystallinity in bottlebrush polymers questionable.In this work,we introduce a new parameter f_(c),the fraction of crystallizable side chains,to better describe the crystallinity of bottlebrush polymers.A lin earrelati on ship between the meltingenthalpy and the number of alkyl groups in side chains for bottlebrush polymers reported repeatedly indicates that f_(c) remains essentially unchanged when bottlebrush polymers had the same main chain structure and grafting degree but different side chain lengths.The slope of the above-mentioned linear relationship is thus △H_(CH2)xf_(c),where △H_(CH2) stands for the melting enthalpy of one mole alkyl group packed into the crystal.With a known value of f_(c),it is possible to estimate the value of △H_(CH_(2)).In case of poly(n-alkyl methacrylate)s,we estimated △H_(CH_(2)) of hexagonal crystal being at most 5.74 kJ/mol with the knowledge of possibly smallest f_(c) of 0.67 obtained from small angle X-ray scattering data.Therefore,the crystallinity of bottlebrush polymer would be calculated based on the equati on X_(c)=f_(c)×N_(c)/N with N and N_(c) being the nu mber of alkyl groups in a side chain and those packed in the crystalline structure,respectively.Both chemical structure and grafting degree of bottlebrush polymers affect f_(c).