A review of research on nanoparticulate flow undergoing coagulation

Nanoparticulate flows occur in a wide range of natural phenomena and engineering applications and, hence, have attracted much attention. The purpose of the present paper is to provide a review of the research conducted over the last decade. The research covered relates to the Brownian coagulation of monodisperse and polydisperse particles, the Taylor-series expansion method of moment, and nanoparticle distributions due to coagulation in pipe and channel flow, jet flow, and the mixing layer and in the process of flame synthesis and deposition.

Recent advances in engineering iron oxide nanoparticles for effective magnetic resonance imaging

Iron oxide nanoparticle(IONP)with unique magnetic property and high biocompatibility have been widely used as magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)contrast agent(CA)for long time.However,a review which comprehensively summarizes the recent development of IONP as traditional T_(2) CA and its new application for different modality of MRI,such as T_(1) imaging,simultaneous T_(2)/T_(1) or MRI/other imaging modality,and as environment responsive CA is rare.This review starts with an investigation of direction on the development of high-performance MRI CA in both T_(2) and T_(1) modal based on quantum mechanical outer sphere and Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan(SBM)theory.Recent rational attempts to increase the MRI contrast of IONP by adjusting the key parameters,including magnetization,size,effective radius,inhomogeneity of surrounding generated magnetic field,crystal phase,coordination number of water,electronic relaxation time,and surface modification are summarized.Besides the strategies to improve r2 or r1 values,strategies to increase the in vivo contrast efficiency of IONP have been reviewed from three different aspects,those are introducing second imaging modality to increase the imaging accuracy,endowing IONP with environment response capacity to elevate the signal difference between lesion and normal tissue,and optimizing the interface structure to improve the accumulation amount of IONP in lesion.This detailed review provides a deep understanding of recent researches on the development of high-performance IONP based MRI CAs.It is hoped to trigger deep thinking for design of next generation MRI CAs for early and accurate diagnosis.