Tooth enamel,which is a biological tissue mainly composed of well-aligned hydroxyapatite nanocrystals and an interlaced protein matrix,has remarkable mechanical and aesthetic behaviors.Nevertheless,it is challenging t...Tooth enamel,which is a biological tissue mainly composed of well-aligned hydroxyapatite nanocrystals and an interlaced protein matrix,has remarkable mechanical and aesthetic behaviors.Nevertheless,it is challenging to regenerate enamel naturally,and potential pulp involvement and tooth loss may occur.As the hardest biogenic composite material,enamel has long been regarded as a promising load-bearing material.Thus,understanding the enamel formation process and enamel structural motif mechanisms is important for the design and engineering of high-performance biomimetic composites with high strength and physical resilience.Extensive studies have been conducted on mimicking the microstructure and mechanical properties of tooth enamel,and various enamel-like material synthesis protocols have been developed.In light of the engineering fabrication of enamel-like materials,this review focuses on recent progress in synthetic strategies for enamel-mimetic materials and provides a discussion of the potential applications of these materials.展开更多
Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death,and recently described as a new molecular mechanism of chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of tumors.Miltirone,a derivative of phenanthrenequinone isolated from the root o...Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death,and recently described as a new molecular mechanism of chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of tumors.Miltirone,a derivative of phenanthrenequinone isolated from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge,has been shown to possess anti-cancer activities.Here,we found that miltirone inhibited the cell viability of either HepG2 or Hepa1-6 cells,and induced the proteolytic cleavage of gasdermin E(GSDME)in each hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)cell line,with concomitant cleavage of caspase 3.Knocking out GSDME switched miltirone-induced cell death from pyroptosis to apoptosis.Additionally,the induction effects of miltirone on GSDMEdependent pyroptosis were attenuated by si RNA-mediated caspase three silencing and the specific caspase three inhibitor Z-DEVD-FMK,respectively.Miltirone effectively elicited intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),and suppressed phosphorylation of mitogen-activated and extracellular signal-regulated kinase(MEK)and extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2(ERK1/2)for pyroptosis induction.Moreover,miltirone significantly inhibited tumor growth and induced pyroptosis in the Hepa1-6 mouse HCC syngeneic model.These results provide a new insight that miltirone is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of HCC via GSDME-dependent pyroptosis.展开更多
To the Editor:Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)is an autoimmune disease involving multiple systems.In recent years,the therapeutic treat-to-target(T2T)strategy was recommended for SLE.^([1])The immunosuppressive drugs...To the Editor:Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)is an autoimmune disease involving multiple systems.In recent years,the therapeutic treat-to-target(T2T)strategy was recommended for SLE.^([1])The immunosuppressive drugs are the standard of care in SLE treatment.Tacrolimus was one of the calcineurin inhibitors which was recommended in the 2019 update of the Joint European League Against Rheumatism and European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association recommendations for the management of lupus nephritis(LN)^([2]).展开更多
This article reviews the development of current environmental policies in China and the great progress made during 1979–2006.Applying lessons learned from industrialized countries to its own situation,China’s enviro...This article reviews the development of current environmental policies in China and the great progress made during 1979–2006.Applying lessons learned from industrialized countries to its own situation,China’s environmental policies have the following main features:(1)to explore command and control measures to their fullest extent,(2)to strive to raise funding for environmental protection,(3)to identify who should take accountability for environmental protection;(4)to encourage strategies of“combination of prevention and control”and“integrated utilization”,(5)to embrace openness in the field of environmental policy and early international cooperation.During the past 30 years,China’s environmental policies have evolved and deepened:status expanded the national basic policies of environmental protection by adding a sustainable development strategy,focus changed from pollution control to a combination of pollution control and ecological protection,method changed from end control to source control,scope changed form point source control to watershed and territory pollution control,and management style changed from primarily using executive power to using legal and economic measures.This article introduces how they are evaluated by the international community and provides the prospects of the policies.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China(51972005,51672009,and 51903003).
文摘Tooth enamel,which is a biological tissue mainly composed of well-aligned hydroxyapatite nanocrystals and an interlaced protein matrix,has remarkable mechanical and aesthetic behaviors.Nevertheless,it is challenging to regenerate enamel naturally,and potential pulp involvement and tooth loss may occur.As the hardest biogenic composite material,enamel has long been regarded as a promising load-bearing material.Thus,understanding the enamel formation process and enamel structural motif mechanisms is important for the design and engineering of high-performance biomimetic composites with high strength and physical resilience.Extensive studies have been conducted on mimicking the microstructure and mechanical properties of tooth enamel,and various enamel-like material synthesis protocols have been developed.In light of the engineering fabrication of enamel-like materials,this review focuses on recent progress in synthetic strategies for enamel-mimetic materials and provides a discussion of the potential applications of these materials.
基金financially supported by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFC1704500)“Double First-Class”University Project(No.CPU2018GY03,China)
文摘Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death,and recently described as a new molecular mechanism of chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of tumors.Miltirone,a derivative of phenanthrenequinone isolated from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge,has been shown to possess anti-cancer activities.Here,we found that miltirone inhibited the cell viability of either HepG2 or Hepa1-6 cells,and induced the proteolytic cleavage of gasdermin E(GSDME)in each hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)cell line,with concomitant cleavage of caspase 3.Knocking out GSDME switched miltirone-induced cell death from pyroptosis to apoptosis.Additionally,the induction effects of miltirone on GSDMEdependent pyroptosis were attenuated by si RNA-mediated caspase three silencing and the specific caspase three inhibitor Z-DEVD-FMK,respectively.Miltirone effectively elicited intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),and suppressed phosphorylation of mitogen-activated and extracellular signal-regulated kinase(MEK)and extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2(ERK1/2)for pyroptosis induction.Moreover,miltirone significantly inhibited tumor growth and induced pyroptosis in the Hepa1-6 mouse HCC syngeneic model.These results provide a new insight that miltirone is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of HCC via GSDME-dependent pyroptosis.
基金supported by grants from the Chinese National Key Technology R&D Program,Ministry of Science and Technology(Nos.2021YFC2501301-5,2017YFC0907601-3)Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(No.Z201100005520022,23,25-27)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS)(No.2021-I2M-1-005).
文摘To the Editor:Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)is an autoimmune disease involving multiple systems.In recent years,the therapeutic treat-to-target(T2T)strategy was recommended for SLE.^([1])The immunosuppressive drugs are the standard of care in SLE treatment.Tacrolimus was one of the calcineurin inhibitors which was recommended in the 2019 update of the Joint European League Against Rheumatism and European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association recommendations for the management of lupus nephritis(LN)^([2]).
文摘This article reviews the development of current environmental policies in China and the great progress made during 1979–2006.Applying lessons learned from industrialized countries to its own situation,China’s environmental policies have the following main features:(1)to explore command and control measures to their fullest extent,(2)to strive to raise funding for environmental protection,(3)to identify who should take accountability for environmental protection;(4)to encourage strategies of“combination of prevention and control”and“integrated utilization”,(5)to embrace openness in the field of environmental policy and early international cooperation.During the past 30 years,China’s environmental policies have evolved and deepened:status expanded the national basic policies of environmental protection by adding a sustainable development strategy,focus changed from pollution control to a combination of pollution control and ecological protection,method changed from end control to source control,scope changed form point source control to watershed and territory pollution control,and management style changed from primarily using executive power to using legal and economic measures.This article introduces how they are evaluated by the international community and provides the prospects of the policies.