Defect spinel oxides for electrocatalytic reduction reactions

Electrocatalytic reduction reactions play a crucial role in electrochemical energy conversion and storage technology,which are emerging technologies to ameliorate environmental problems.Spinel oxides are widely explored in electrocatalytic oxidation reactions but have a poor intrinsic ability to reduction reactions,making their electrocatalytic ability less effective.To improve this,defect engineering is a valuable method for regulating the electronic structure and coordination environment.Herein,this manuscript discusses the use of defect spinel oxides in electrocatalytic reduction reactions,including the different types of defects,construction methods,and characterization techniques.It also outlines the various applications of defect spinel oxides in different electrocatalytic reduction reactions.Finally,it goes over the challenges and future outlooks for defect spinels.This review aims to thoroughly explain how defect spinels work in electrocatalytic reduction reactions and serve as a helpful guide for creating effective electrocatalysts.

High-elevation landforms are experiencing more remarkable wetting trends in arid Central Asia

Since the 1980s,a warming and weting trend in arid Central Asia(ACA)has been widely reported.However,no consistent knowledge has been presented about whether warming and weting trends are evenly distributed throughout ACA or whether there are noticeable topographical differences.We combined the ERA5-Land reanalysis dataset and data from Google Earth Engine to analyze the topographic differences of ACA from 1981 to 2020.The findings indicate that significant(p<0.05)warming has a broader geographic scale in ACA and that warming rate of low-elevation landforms(high plains and hlls)is higher than that of high-elevation landforms(mountains and tablelands).However,the weting trend does not fllow this patern.By contrast,high-elevation landforms have a higher wetting rate than low-elevation landforms and are the main areas of wetting.Additionaly,low-elevation landforms continue to maintain the warming and drying trends.Notably,the wetting trend of high-elevation landforms is amplified with altitude.Meanwhile,the wetting trend is negatively related to the warming trend(p<0.01)across the entire elevation range.Collectively,the findings provide new insights into the current research hotspot of warming-wetting"trend in ACA and highlight the differences in the responses of different landforms to climate change.