Neutrinos as the Particles with Mixed Interaction and Prediction of Large Neutrino-Neutrino Collisional Cross-Section

When the electrically charged elementary particles of “normal” matter like protons and electrons mutually interact, their masses interact gravitationally and charge electrically. There is no interaction between the mass of one and charge of other particle. In this paper, we describe a prediction of the existence of a “pseudo-charge” of the same size as the common elementary electric charge, which seems to be possessed by neutrinos. If the prediction is relevant to the reality, the pseudo-charge interacts with the mass of normal particle in the interaction between this particle and neutrino. Consequently, the cross-section in a collision between neutrino and particle of normal matter is many orders of magnitude lower than that in the mutual collisions of normal-matter particles. However, the pseudo-charge of one neutrino interacts with the pseudo-charge of other neutrino in a mutual interaction of neutrinos and, consequently, their collisional cross-section is predicted to be again relatively large, essentially the same as that in, e.g., electron-electron collisions. We propose an experimental verification of the possible existence of neutrinic pseudo-charge with the help of two mutually crossing neutrino beams.

The Ni’s Solution for Neutron Star and Outward Oriented Gravitational Attraction in Its Interior

In 2011, Jun Ni published the solution of the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equations describing the structure of stable neutron stars, which implies that 1) there is no upper mass limit of these objects, 2) their outer physical surface is always situated above the corresponding event horizon, and 3) the object is a hollow sphere with the inner physical surface and cavity inside. In our paper, we propose to “purify” the general relativity, as the geometrical theory, from the concept of mass. If we get rid of the concept of mass and Newtonian-type potential, then we obtain such the behavior of gravity which results in the above mentioned stable Ni’s object. It is farther pointed out that the distribution of matter, which is observed as spherically symmetric by the observer in its center, is not longer observed as spherically symmetric by an observer aside the center in a curved spacetime of general relativity. This fact implies, in contrast to the Newtonian physics, the non-zero and outward oriented gravitational attraction of upper layers of star. Ni considered positive energy density and pressure. In addition, gravity had everywhere attractive character. No “exotic” assumption was made. Hence, there is no reason why his concept of hollow sphere should not be applicable to the models of real objects.

Non-Trivial Linkup of Both Compact-Neutron-Object and Outer-Empty-Space Metrics

In 2011, Chinese researcher Ni found the solution of the Oppenheimer-Volkoff problem for a stable configuration of stellar object with no internal source of energy. The Ni’s solution is the nonrotating hollow sphere having not only an outer, but an inner physical radius as well. The upper mass of the object is not constrained. In our paper, we contribute to the description of the solution. Specifically, we give the explicit description of metrics inside the object and attempt to link it with that in the corresponding outer Schwarzschild solution of Einstein field equations. This task appears to be non-trivial. We discuss the problem and suggest a way how to achieve the continuous linkup of both object-interior and outer-Schwarzschild metrics. Our suggestion implies an important fundamental consequence: there is no universal relativistic speed limit, but every compact object shapes the adjacent spacetime and this action results in the specific speed limit for the spacetime dominated by the object. Regardless our suggestion will definitively be proved or the successful linkup will also be achieved in else, still unknown way, the success in the linkup represents a constraint for the physical acceptability of the models of compact objects.

Another Way of the Continuous Linkup of Neutron-Star-Body and Surrounding Empty-Space Metrics

The metrics of the compact objects should be the continuous function of coordinates. The metrics inside every object is set by its internal structure. The metrics in the adjacent empty space is described by the outer Schwarzschild or Kerr solution of the Einstein field equations. It appears that the linkup of both object-interior and empty-space metrics is not continuous at the physical surfaces of the objects for the common, generally (by convention) accepted set of assumptions. We suggest the new way of how to achieve the success in the linkup, which does not assume the higher value of the relativistic speed limit in the empty space governed by the object, in contrast to our previous suggestion. We also give a more detailed explanation of the existence of inner physical surface of compact objects and suggest the way of the linkup of metrics in this surface. To achieve the continuous linkup, we assume a lower value of the speed limit in the object’s interior as well as a new gauging of the outer Schwarzschild solution for the inner empty space of the object. Newly established gauging constants are calculated and the success of the linkup is shown in several examples. The new gauging implies a lower gravitational attraction (lower gravitational constant) in the inner empty space in comparison with that in the outer space, which is measured in the common, observed, gravitational interactions of material objects.