This review article summarizes the efficacy, feasibility and potential mechanisms of the application of essential oils as antibiotic alternatives in swine production.Although there are numerous studies demonstrating t...This review article summarizes the efficacy, feasibility and potential mechanisms of the application of essential oils as antibiotic alternatives in swine production.Although there are numerous studies demonstrating that essential oils have several properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidative and antiinflammatory effects, feed palatability enhancement and improvement in gut growth and health, there is still a need of further investigations to elucidate the mechanisms underlying their functions.In the past,the results has been inconsistent in both laboratory and field studies because of the varied product compositions, dosages, purities and growing stages and conditions of animals.The minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) of essential oils needed for killing enteric pathogens may not ensure the optimal feed intake and the essential oils inclusion cost may be too high in swine production.With the lipophilic and volatile nature of essential oils, there is a challenge in effective delivery of essential oils within pig gut and this challenge can partially be resolved by microencapsulation and nanotechnology.The effects of essential oils on inflammation, oxidative stress, microbiome, gut chemosensing and bacterial quorum sensing(QS) have led to better production performance of animals fed essential oils in a number of studies.It has been demonstrated that essential oils have good potential as antibiotic alternatives in feeds for swine production.The combination of different essential oils and other compounds(synergistic effect) such as organic acids seems to be a promising approach to improve the efficacy and safety of essential oils in applications.High-throughput systems technologies have been developed recently,which will allow us to dissect the mechanisms underlying the functions of essential oils and facilitate the use of essential oils in swine production.展开更多
This study evaluated the effects of micro-encapsulated(protected)organic acids(OA)and essential oils(EO)combination,P(OA+EO),and effects of a regular blend of free acids(FA)on the growth,immune responses,intestinal ba...This study evaluated the effects of micro-encapsulated(protected)organic acids(OA)and essential oils(EO)combination,P(OA+EO),and effects of a regular blend of free acids(FA)on the growth,immune responses,intestinal barrier and microbiota of weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC)F4(K88^+).A total of 30 crossbred(Duroc×Landrace×Large White)weaned barrows(7.41±0.06 kg,28 d old)were assigned randomly to 5 treatments:1)non-challenged positive control(PC),2)ETEC F4(K88^+)-challenged negative control(NC),3)NC+kitasamycin at 50 mg/kg+olaquindox at 100 mg/kg+free acidifier(FA)at 5 g/kg,4)NC+kitasamycin at 50 mg/kg+olaquindox at 100 mg/kg+P(OA+EO)at 1 g/kg(P1),5)NC+kitasamycin at 50 mg/kg+olaquindox at 100 mg/kg+P(OA+EO)at 2 g/kg(P2).Each dietary treatment had 6 replicates of one piglet each and the study lasted for 3 wk.On d 7,pigs in NC,FA,P1 and P2 were orally dosed with 10 mL of ETEC F4(K88^+)culture(1×10^9 CFU/mL).From d 7 to 14 after the ETEC F4(K88^+)challenge,P1 increased gain-to-feed ratio(G:F)significantly(P<0.05)compared with NC and FA groups.From d 14 to 21,P2 increased the average daily gain of pigs(P<0.05)compared with NC and FA groups.Compared with NC,P2 reduced tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin(IL)-6 and IL-10 concentrations(P<0.05)in sera collected at 4 h later after ETEC F4(K88^+)challenge.On d 21,P1 increased occludin and zonula occludens-1 protein expression in ileum compared with NC(P<0.05).After this 3-wk experiment,alpha diversity of gut microbiota was decreased by P2 compared with PC,and P1 increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in ileum,cecum and colon(P<0.05).In co nclusio n,dietary P(OA+EO)additive at 2 g/kg combined with antibiotics could improve piglet performance and attenuate inflammation,and P(OA+EO)additive at 1 g/kg combined with antibiotics improved intestinal barrier and increased beneficial microbiota composition after an F4(K88^+)challenge.展开更多
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary protease supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, digestive enzymes and gene expression in weaned piglets....This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary protease supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, digestive enzymes and gene expression in weaned piglets. A total of 300 weaned piglets(21 days of age Duroc x Large White x Landrace; initial BW = 6.27 ± 0.45 kg) were randomly divided into 5 groups. The 5 diets were: 1) positive control diet(PC), 2) negative control diet(NC), and 3) protease supplementations, which were 100, 200, and 300 mg per kg NC diet. Results indicated that final BW, ADG, ADFI, crude protein digestibility, enzyme activities of stomach pepsin, pancreatic amylase and trypsin, plasma total protein, and intestinal villus height were higher for the PC diet and the supplementations of 200 and 300 mg protease per kg NC diet than for the NC diet(P < 0.05). Supplementations of 200 and 300 mg protease per kg NC diet significantly increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth(VH:CD) of duodenum, jejunum and ileum compared with NC diet(P < 0.05). Feed to gain ratio, diarrhea index, blood urea nitrogen, and diamine oxidase were lower for the PC diet and supplementations of 200 and 300 mg protease per kg NC diet than for the NC diet(P < 0.05). Piglets fed the PC diet had a higher peptide transporter 1(PepTl) mRNA abundance in duodenum than piglets fed the NC diet(P < 0.05), and supplementations of 100, 200 and 300 mg protease per kg NC diet increased the PepTl mRNA abundance in duodenum(P < 0.05) comparing with the NC diet. Piglets fed the PC diet had a higher b0,+AT mRNA abundance in jejunum than piglets fed the NC diet(P < 0.05), and supplementations of 200 and 300 mg protease per kg NC diet increased the b0,+AT mRNA abundance in jejunum and ileum comparing with the NC diet(P < 0.05). In summary, dietary protease supplementation increases growth performance in weaned piglets, which may contribute to the improvement of intestinal development, protein digestibility, nutrient transport efficiency, and health status of piglets when fed low digestible protein sources.展开更多
基金supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC) (CRDPJ 503580-16) Collaborative Research and Development Grants (C.Yang)the University of Manitoba Start-Up Grant (46561)+1 种基金Manitoba Pork Council (47370)Jefo Nutrition Inc (47369)
文摘This review article summarizes the efficacy, feasibility and potential mechanisms of the application of essential oils as antibiotic alternatives in swine production.Although there are numerous studies demonstrating that essential oils have several properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidative and antiinflammatory effects, feed palatability enhancement and improvement in gut growth and health, there is still a need of further investigations to elucidate the mechanisms underlying their functions.In the past,the results has been inconsistent in both laboratory and field studies because of the varied product compositions, dosages, purities and growing stages and conditions of animals.The minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) of essential oils needed for killing enteric pathogens may not ensure the optimal feed intake and the essential oils inclusion cost may be too high in swine production.With the lipophilic and volatile nature of essential oils, there is a challenge in effective delivery of essential oils within pig gut and this challenge can partially be resolved by microencapsulation and nanotechnology.The effects of essential oils on inflammation, oxidative stress, microbiome, gut chemosensing and bacterial quorum sensing(QS) have led to better production performance of animals fed essential oils in a number of studies.It has been demonstrated that essential oils have good potential as antibiotic alternatives in feeds for swine production.The combination of different essential oils and other compounds(synergistic effect) such as organic acids seems to be a promising approach to improve the efficacy and safety of essential oils in applications.High-throughput systems technologies have been developed recently,which will allow us to dissect the mechanisms underlying the functions of essential oils and facilitate the use of essential oils in swine production.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772612)Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(6202019)
文摘This study evaluated the effects of micro-encapsulated(protected)organic acids(OA)and essential oils(EO)combination,P(OA+EO),and effects of a regular blend of free acids(FA)on the growth,immune responses,intestinal barrier and microbiota of weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC)F4(K88^+).A total of 30 crossbred(Duroc×Landrace×Large White)weaned barrows(7.41±0.06 kg,28 d old)were assigned randomly to 5 treatments:1)non-challenged positive control(PC),2)ETEC F4(K88^+)-challenged negative control(NC),3)NC+kitasamycin at 50 mg/kg+olaquindox at 100 mg/kg+free acidifier(FA)at 5 g/kg,4)NC+kitasamycin at 50 mg/kg+olaquindox at 100 mg/kg+P(OA+EO)at 1 g/kg(P1),5)NC+kitasamycin at 50 mg/kg+olaquindox at 100 mg/kg+P(OA+EO)at 2 g/kg(P2).Each dietary treatment had 6 replicates of one piglet each and the study lasted for 3 wk.On d 7,pigs in NC,FA,P1 and P2 were orally dosed with 10 mL of ETEC F4(K88^+)culture(1×10^9 CFU/mL).From d 7 to 14 after the ETEC F4(K88^+)challenge,P1 increased gain-to-feed ratio(G:F)significantly(P<0.05)compared with NC and FA groups.From d 14 to 21,P2 increased the average daily gain of pigs(P<0.05)compared with NC and FA groups.Compared with NC,P2 reduced tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin(IL)-6 and IL-10 concentrations(P<0.05)in sera collected at 4 h later after ETEC F4(K88^+)challenge.On d 21,P1 increased occludin and zonula occludens-1 protein expression in ileum compared with NC(P<0.05).After this 3-wk experiment,alpha diversity of gut microbiota was decreased by P2 compared with PC,and P1 increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in ileum,cecum and colon(P<0.05).In co nclusio n,dietary P(OA+EO)additive at 2 g/kg combined with antibiotics could improve piglet performance and attenuate inflammation,and P(OA+EO)additive at 1 g/kg combined with antibiotics improved intestinal barrier and increased beneficial microbiota composition after an F4(K88^+)challenge.
基金supported by National Basic Research Program of China(2013CB127301)National Scientific and Technology Support Project(2013BAD21B04)Guangdong Province Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.S2013010013215)
文摘This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary protease supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, digestive enzymes and gene expression in weaned piglets. A total of 300 weaned piglets(21 days of age Duroc x Large White x Landrace; initial BW = 6.27 ± 0.45 kg) were randomly divided into 5 groups. The 5 diets were: 1) positive control diet(PC), 2) negative control diet(NC), and 3) protease supplementations, which were 100, 200, and 300 mg per kg NC diet. Results indicated that final BW, ADG, ADFI, crude protein digestibility, enzyme activities of stomach pepsin, pancreatic amylase and trypsin, plasma total protein, and intestinal villus height were higher for the PC diet and the supplementations of 200 and 300 mg protease per kg NC diet than for the NC diet(P < 0.05). Supplementations of 200 and 300 mg protease per kg NC diet significantly increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth(VH:CD) of duodenum, jejunum and ileum compared with NC diet(P < 0.05). Feed to gain ratio, diarrhea index, blood urea nitrogen, and diamine oxidase were lower for the PC diet and supplementations of 200 and 300 mg protease per kg NC diet than for the NC diet(P < 0.05). Piglets fed the PC diet had a higher peptide transporter 1(PepTl) mRNA abundance in duodenum than piglets fed the NC diet(P < 0.05), and supplementations of 100, 200 and 300 mg protease per kg NC diet increased the PepTl mRNA abundance in duodenum(P < 0.05) comparing with the NC diet. Piglets fed the PC diet had a higher b0,+AT mRNA abundance in jejunum than piglets fed the NC diet(P < 0.05), and supplementations of 200 and 300 mg protease per kg NC diet increased the b0,+AT mRNA abundance in jejunum and ileum comparing with the NC diet(P < 0.05). In summary, dietary protease supplementation increases growth performance in weaned piglets, which may contribute to the improvement of intestinal development, protein digestibility, nutrient transport efficiency, and health status of piglets when fed low digestible protein sources.
