Infectious Disease Research—What Role Is There for Hydrologists?

Numerous virulent and widespread diseases are related to water. The transmission and outbreak of water-related diseases are closely coupled to their hydrological environment. Changes in this environment and the associated hydrological processes may affect the occurrence and virulence of water-related diseases. Environmental changes can be manifold, including e.g. climate and land use, agricultural management or urbanization. Water fluxes and storages play a dominant role in describing disease outbreak, transmission and transport. New land cover types often alter landscape scale water storages. If the effects of changes could be better understood, predictions about the distribution, emergence or outbreak of water-related diseases would be possible. Furthermore, the collaboration of experts from different disciplines is essential for accurate spatial and temporal prediction of water-related disease outbreaks. Here we review the current state of knowledge of water-related diseases and present a general classification of these diseases, followed by a discussion of their major drivers. This review focuses particularly on hydrologists and how they can contribute with their understanding of hydrological processes.

锡林河流域地表水水化学主离子特征及控制因素

通过对2006～2008年锡林河主要径流期内13个河水断面239个水样以及同期地下水和大气降水主离子水化学进行分析，结合锡林河流域的气象和水文资料，利用Piper三线图和Gibbs图分析了锡林河河水的水化学特征及主离子组成变化特征．结果表明，锡林河河水TDS变化范围在136．7～376．5mg·L^-1之间，平均245．1mg·L^-1，为低矿化度河水；河水中主要阳离子以Ca2＋为主，阴离子以HCO3^-为主，河水的水化学类型从HCO3-—Ca2＋过渡到HCO3--Ca2＋·Mg2＋；河水主离子平均浓度年内、年际变化均不大，年内变化表现在5月主离子浓度高于其他月，年际变化表现为主离子在2007年的平均浓度均较小；空间上，Ca2＋、Na＋、Mg2＋、K＋、Cl^-和HCO3^-的浓度呈现沿程逐渐增加的趋势，SO4^2-的浓度变化呈先增加后减小的趋势；河水中主离子浓度值介于大气降水和地下水之间，并且十分接近地下水浓度，说明地表水同时受大气降水和地下水补给并主要依靠地下水补给；Gibbs图显示河水离子组成主要与流域内的岩石风化有关，流域有一定量的蒸发岩存在，但蒸发岩对水化学的贡献弱于碳酸盐岩．