Pure titanium samples were aluminized at 950,1025 and 1100 ℃ for 0-6 h in a pack containing 10%Al＋5%NaF＋85%Al2O3 in mass traction.The aluminized layers formed on the samples were characterized.The kinetic studies i...Pure titanium samples were aluminized at 950,1025 and 1100 ℃ for 0-6 h in a pack containing 10%Al＋5%NaF＋85%Al2O3 in mass traction.The aluminized layers formed on the samples were characterized.The kinetic studies indicated that the diffusion of Al-bearing gases through the pack is the rate-controlling step in this process.The activation energy of 161.8 kJ/mol was calculated for this step.In addition,the mass gains of the aluminized samples were predicted using the partial pressures of gases in the pack and those adjacent to the samples surface.The predicted values are in good agreement wim the experimental measurements at 950 ℃ but are higher than those measured at 1025 and 1100 ℃.展开更多
In this study, plasma nitriding was used to fabricate a hard protective layer on AISI P20 steel, at three process temperatures（450℃, 500℃, and 550℃） and over a range of time periods（2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 h）, and ...In this study, plasma nitriding was used to fabricate a hard protective layer on AISI P20 steel, at three process temperatures（450℃, 500℃, and 550℃） and over a range of time periods（2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 h）, and at a fixed gas N2：H2 ratio of 75vol%：25vol%. The morphology of samples was studied using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the formed phase of each sample was determined by X-ray diffraction. The elemental depth profile was measured by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, wavelength dispersive spectroscopy, and glow dispersive spectroscopy. The hardness profile of the samples was identified, and the microhardness profile from the surface to the sample center was recorded. The results show that ε-nitride is the dominant species after carrying out plasma nitriding in all strategies and that the plasma nitriding process improves the hardness up to more than three times. It is found that as the time and temperature of the process increase, the hardness and hardness depth of the diffusion zone considerably increase. Furthermore, artificial neural networks were used to predict the effects of operational parameters on the mechanical properties of plastic mold steel. The plasma temperature, running time of imposition, and target distance to the sample surface were all used as network inputs; Vickers hardness measurements were given as the output of the model. The model accurately reproduced the experimental outcomes under different operational conditions; therefore, it can be used in the effective simulation of the plasma nitriding process in AISI P20 steel.展开更多
In the present research, the dissolution mechanism of a Zr rich structure during annealing of a Ni3Al base alloy containing Cr, Mo, Zr and B, was investigated. The annealing treatments were performed up to 50 h at 900...In the present research, the dissolution mechanism of a Zr rich structure during annealing of a Ni3Al base alloy containing Cr, Mo, Zr and B, was investigated. The annealing treatments were performed up to 50 h at 900, 1000 and 1100℃. The alloy used in this investigation was produced by vacuum-arc remelting technique. The results show that at the beginning of the process, a mixed interface reaction and local equilibrium （long range diffusion） mechanism controls the dissolution process. After a short time, this mechanism changes and the dissolution mechanism of the Zr rich structure changes to only long range diffusion of Zr element. According to this mechanism, the activation energy of this process is estimated to be about 143.3 kJ.mol-1. Also the phases that contribute to this structure and the transformations that occur at the final steps of solidification of this alloy were introduced. According to the results, at the final step of solidification, a peritectic type reaction occurs in the form of L＋ y→Ni7Zr2 and →-Ni7Zr2 segregates from the melt. Following this transformation, →-Ni7Zr2 eutectic separates from the remaining Zr rich liquid. The solidification process will be terminated by a ternary eutectic reaction in the form of L→y＋Ni5Zr＋Ni7Zr2.展开更多
Coarsening behavior of γ＇ precipitates in the dendritic regions of a Ni 3 Al base alloy containing chromium,molybdenum,zirconium and boron was investigated.Annealing treatment was performed up to 50 h at 900,1000 an...Coarsening behavior of γ＇ precipitates in the dendritic regions of a Ni 3 Al base alloy containing chromium,molybdenum,zirconium and boron was investigated.Annealing treatment was performed up to 50 h at 900,1000 and 1100℃.The alloy was produced by vacuum-arc remelting technique.Results show that coarsening of the γ＇ precipitates in this complex alloy containing high volume fractions of γ＇ phase follows Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner（LSW） theory.Coarsening activation energy of the γ＇ precipitates was evaluated to be about 253.5 kJ.mol-1 which shows that the growth phenomenon is controlled by volume diffusion of aluminum.With an innovative approach,diffusion coefficient of the solute element（s） and the interfacial energy between γ＇ precipitates and γ＇（matrix） were estimated at 900,1000 and 1100℃.Accordingly,the interfacial energies at 900,1000 and 1100℃ are 4.49±1.48,2.08±0.69 and 0.98±0.32 mJ.m-2,respectively.Also the diffusivities of solute element（s） at these temperatures are 3.41±1.08,30±9.5 and 145.15±45.85（10-15 m-2.s-1）,respectively.展开更多
文摘Pure titanium samples were aluminized at 950,1025 and 1100 ℃ for 0-6 h in a pack containing 10%Al＋5%NaF＋85%Al2O3 in mass traction.The aluminized layers formed on the samples were characterized.The kinetic studies indicated that the diffusion of Al-bearing gases through the pack is the rate-controlling step in this process.The activation energy of 161.8 kJ/mol was calculated for this step.In addition,the mass gains of the aluminized samples were predicted using the partial pressures of gases in the pack and those adjacent to the samples surface.The predicted values are in good agreement wim the experimental measurements at 950 ℃ but are higher than those measured at 1025 and 1100 ℃.
文摘In this study, plasma nitriding was used to fabricate a hard protective layer on AISI P20 steel, at three process temperatures（450℃, 500℃, and 550℃） and over a range of time periods（2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 h）, and at a fixed gas N2：H2 ratio of 75vol%：25vol%. The morphology of samples was studied using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the formed phase of each sample was determined by X-ray diffraction. The elemental depth profile was measured by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, wavelength dispersive spectroscopy, and glow dispersive spectroscopy. The hardness profile of the samples was identified, and the microhardness profile from the surface to the sample center was recorded. The results show that ε-nitride is the dominant species after carrying out plasma nitriding in all strategies and that the plasma nitriding process improves the hardness up to more than three times. It is found that as the time and temperature of the process increase, the hardness and hardness depth of the diffusion zone considerably increase. Furthermore, artificial neural networks were used to predict the effects of operational parameters on the mechanical properties of plastic mold steel. The plasma temperature, running time of imposition, and target distance to the sample surface were all used as network inputs; Vickers hardness measurements were given as the output of the model. The model accurately reproduced the experimental outcomes under different operational conditions; therefore, it can be used in the effective simulation of the plasma nitriding process in AISI P20 steel.
基金Advanced Material Research Center (AMRC) for providing the alloys,laboratory equipments and financial supports and Iran Aluminum Research Center (IARC) for laboratory equipments
文摘In the present research, the dissolution mechanism of a Zr rich structure during annealing of a Ni3Al base alloy containing Cr, Mo, Zr and B, was investigated. The annealing treatments were performed up to 50 h at 900, 1000 and 1100℃. The alloy used in this investigation was produced by vacuum-arc remelting technique. The results show that at the beginning of the process, a mixed interface reaction and local equilibrium （long range diffusion） mechanism controls the dissolution process. After a short time, this mechanism changes and the dissolution mechanism of the Zr rich structure changes to only long range diffusion of Zr element. According to this mechanism, the activation energy of this process is estimated to be about 143.3 kJ.mol-1. Also the phases that contribute to this structure and the transformations that occur at the final steps of solidification of this alloy were introduced. According to the results, at the final step of solidification, a peritectic type reaction occurs in the form of L＋ y→Ni7Zr2 and →-Ni7Zr2 segregates from the melt. Following this transformation, →-Ni7Zr2 eutectic separates from the remaining Zr rich liquid. The solidification process will be terminated by a ternary eutectic reaction in the form of L→y＋Ni5Zr＋Ni7Zr2.
基金Advanced Material Research Center (AMRC) for providing the alloys, laboratory equipments and financial supports
文摘Coarsening behavior of γ＇ precipitates in the dendritic regions of a Ni 3 Al base alloy containing chromium,molybdenum,zirconium and boron was investigated.Annealing treatment was performed up to 50 h at 900,1000 and 1100℃.The alloy was produced by vacuum-arc remelting technique.Results show that coarsening of the γ＇ precipitates in this complex alloy containing high volume fractions of γ＇ phase follows Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner（LSW） theory.Coarsening activation energy of the γ＇ precipitates was evaluated to be about 253.5 kJ.mol-1 which shows that the growth phenomenon is controlled by volume diffusion of aluminum.With an innovative approach,diffusion coefficient of the solute element（s） and the interfacial energy between γ＇ precipitates and γ＇（matrix） were estimated at 900,1000 and 1100℃.Accordingly,the interfacial energies at 900,1000 and 1100℃ are 4.49±1.48,2.08±0.69 and 0.98±0.32 mJ.m-2,respectively.Also the diffusivities of solute element（s） at these temperatures are 3.41±1.08,30±9.5 and 145.15±45.85（10-15 m-2.s-1）,respectively.
