Effect of stress paths on failure mechanism and progressive damage of hard-brittle rock

During deep buried hard-brittle rock tunnel excavation,the surrounding rock experiences a complicated stress path and stress adjustment process.Once the adjusted stress exceeds the ultimate bearing capacity of rockmass,a rock failure mode defined as stress-cracking type will occur.In order to investigate the effect of stress paths on failure mechanism and progressive damage of deep-buried rockmass,the cyclic loading-unloading,loading-unloading,uniaxial,conventional and unloading triaxial compression tests on samples of hard-brittle sandstone were conducted.According to the experimental results,increase in the confining pressure was beneficial to improve the mechanical parameters of rock,but it will reduce the brittle failure features.Compared with conventional triaxial compression,the sandstone under unloading state had more remarkable stress drop and unstable failure characteristics.Meanwhile,it was found that the energy dissipation and energy release in the whole process of rock deformation were the internal power of driven rock progressive damage.With the increase of confining pressure,the energy hardening and energy accumulation features of rock were weakened,while the progressive damage evolution characteristics could be enhanced.In unloading state,more energy could be converted into elastic energy in the energy softening phase(σeb-σP),so that the prepeak damage rate of rock was lower than that of conventional triaxial compression state.Thus,the energy dissipation rate of rock after peak strength decreased linearly with the increase of confining pressure under conventional triaxial compression state,while in unloading state it showed the opposite law.

Time-dependent squeezing deformation mechanism of tunnels in layered soft-rock stratum under high geo-stress

Large squeezing deformation of layered soft rock tunnel under high geo-stress has a significant time-dependent deformation behavior.In this paper,we studied the deformation mechanism during the construction period of deep-buried softrock tunnel by means of a combination of field observations and a numerical method.First,a new classification criterion for large deformations based on the power exponent variation law between the deformation and the strength-stress ratio is proposed.Then,the initial damage tensor reflecting the bedding plane(joint)distribution and an equivalent damage evolution equation derived from the viscoplastic strain are introduced based on the geometric research method,i.e.,a new rheological damage model(RDL model)of layered soft rock is established consisting of elastic,viscous,viscoelastic,viscoplastic and plastic elements.A field test was conducted on the Maoxian tunnel in Sichuan province,southwestern China,which is in broken phyllite(layered soft rock)under high geo-stress.The tunnel has experienced large deformation due to serious squeezing pressure,thus we adopted double primary support method to overcome the supporting structure failure problems.The rheological parameters of phyllite in the Maoxian tunnel were recognized by using SA-PSO optimization,and the RDL model does a good job in describing the time-dependent deformation behavior of a layered soft-rock tunnel under high geo-stress.Thus,the RDL model was used to investigate the supporting effect and bearing mechanism of the double primary support method.Compared with the single primary support method,the surrounding rock pressure,secondary lining force,surrounding rock deformation,and the depth of the damage to the rock mass was reduced by 40%-60%after the double primary support method was used.

Identifying crack initiation stress threshold in brittle rocks using axial strain stiffness characteristics

As an estimate for the in-situ spalling strength around massive underground excavations to moderately jointed brittle rocks, crack initiation stress marks the initiation of rock micro fracturing. It is crucial to accurately identify crack initiation stress level by proper method. In this study, confined compression tests of sandstone samples are used to examine the validity/applicability of proposed axial strain stiffness method. The results show that by highlighting the minuscule changes in stress-strain curve, the axial strain stiffness curve provided further insight into rock failure process and revealed five stages:(a) irregular fluctuation,(b) nearly horizontal regular fluctuation,(c) irregular fluctuation gradually decreasing to zero,(d) extreme fluctuation, and(e) near zero, which mainly correspond to five stages of stress–strain curve. The ratio of crack-initiation stress to peak strength determined using this approach is 0.44–0.51, similar to the ranges previously reported by other researchers. In this method, the key is to accurately detect the end point of the stage(b), "nearly horizontal regular fluctuation" characterized by a sudden change in axial strain stiffness curve, and the sudden change signifies crack initiation in rock sample. Finally, the research indicates that the axial strain stiffness curve can provide a mean to identify the crack-initiation stress thresholds in brittle rocks.

工程温压内花岗岩破裂特征与机理分析

深部复杂环境中热力条件下岩石破裂机理是当前研究热点之一。采用统计方法对工程温压内花岗岩单轴、三轴压缩、三轴卸荷试验条件下宏观破裂特征进行了分区分析,并探讨了其机理。结果显示:低温低围压区(20~40℃、0~5 MPa)岩样以剪切破坏为主,伴有次级张拉裂缝。低温高围压区(20~40℃、15~30 MPa)岩样为剪切破坏,且随着围压升高,出现多个剪切破裂面。高温低围压区(60~130℃、0~5 MPa)岩样为张拉破坏。高温高围压区(60~130℃、15~30 MPa)岩样为剪切破坏。围压增加试样峰值强度明显增加,升温试样峰值强度变化不大。研究表明:在工程温压内,岩样性能主要受围压影响;温度对岩样破裂方式有一定的影响,尤其是低围压区。针对温压耦合条件,传统的考虑单一变量的分析结果偏于片面,而分区考虑双变量的分析结果更为客观合理;宜建立多破裂面复合型模型探讨其发生机理。

基于引力搜索法的隧道围岩微震定位研究

针对目前深埋隧道围岩微震源定位难且精度不高等问题,采用启发式算法--引力搜索法(GSA)对隧道围岩微震源位置进行搜索,并将该算法与粒子群算法和单纯形法的搜索结果进行对比。发现在双速度模型和三速度模型下,引力搜索法相较于粒子群算法和单纯形法,都具有快速收敛、精度较高的优点,且与震源位置的距离能够控制在10m以内。对双速度模型,引力搜索法的精度相对于单纯形法提高了83.71%,相对于粒子群算法提高了7.77%。对三速度模型,引力搜索法的精度相对于单纯形法提高了70.67%,相对于粒子群算法提高了39.36%。可见,该方法为深埋隧道微围岩震源定位提供了一种新思路。

基于岩石峰前起裂及峰后特征的脆性评价方法

现有研究表明岩石脆性与其内部微裂纹起裂、扩展有密切联系,但考虑岩石起裂特征的脆性评价指数并不多见,在对脆性理论以及起裂特征分析的基础上,提出了一种基于岩石峰前起裂及峰后特征的脆性评价方法。首先,结合George和Tarasov&Potvin等对脆性的描述和定义,从理论上分析了基于岩石峰前起裂及峰后特征脆性评价方法的可行性。其次,构建了表征岩石峰前脆性特征的分量B_(i)和表征岩石峰后脆性特征的分量B_(ii),并将两者之积作为表征峰前起裂和峰后应力跌落特征的脆性指数B_(I)。最后,结合不同加载方式、围压以及岩性条件下花岗岩、砂岩和大理岩试验数据对其进行了验证。结果显示:围压5~35 MPa时,大理岩脆性与围压呈负相关关系;围压5 MPa时,三轴卸荷试验条件下花岗岩脆性比三轴压缩试验条件下大。花岗岩、砂岩、大理岩相应的脆性指数B_(I)值分别为0.684,0.336,0.186,计算结果与试验结果吻合。提供了一种从起裂和应力跌落角度评价岩石脆性的新思路,对丰富室内岩石脆性分析与评价具有一定指导意义。

Seepage field distribution and water inflow laws of tunnels in water-rich regions

Currently,the water inrush hazards during tunnel construction,the water leakage during tunnel operation,and the accompanying disturbances to the ecological environment have become the main problems that affect the structural safety of tunnels in water-rich regions.In this paper,a tunnel seepage model testing system was used to conduct experiments of the grouting circle and primary support with different permeability coefficients.The influences of the supporting structures on the water inflow laws and the distribution of the water pressure in the tunnel were analyzed.With the decrease in the permeability coefficient of the grouting circle or the primary support,the inflow rate of water into the tunnel showed a non-linear decreasing trend.In comparison,the water inflow reduction effect of grouting circle was much better than that of primary support.With the increase of the permeability coefficient of the grouting ring,the water pressure behind the primary lining increases gradually,while the water pressure behind the grouting ring decreases.Thus,the grouting of surrounding rock during the construction of water-rich tunnel can effectively weaken the hydraulic connection,reduce the influence range of seepage,and significantly reduce the decline of groundwater.Meanwhile,the seepage tests at different hydrostatic heads and hydrodynamic heads during tunnel operation period were also conducted.As the hydrostatic head decreased,the water pressure at each characteristic point decreased approximately linearly,and the water inflow rate also had a gradual downward trend.Under the action of hydrodynamic head,the water pressure had an obvious lagging effect,which was not conducive to the stability of the supporting structures,and it could be mitigated by actively regulating the drainage rate.Compared with the hydrostatic head,the hydrodynamic head could change the real-time rate of water inflow to the tunnel and broke the dynamic balance between the water pressure and water inflow rate,thereby affecting the stress state on the supporting structures.