Dopamine plays numerous physiological roles in plants.We explored its role in the regulation of growth,nutrient absorption,and response to nitrogen(N)deficiency in Malus hupehensis Rehd.Under low N condition,plant gro...Dopamine plays numerous physiological roles in plants.We explored its role in the regulation of growth,nutrient absorption,and response to nitrogen(N)deficiency in Malus hupehensis Rehd.Under low N condition,plant growth slowed,and the net photosynthetic rates,chlorophyll contents,and maximal quantum yield of PSII(Fv/Fm)decreased significantly.However,the application of 100μmol L−1 exogenous dopamine significantly reduced the inhibition of low N stress on plant growth.In addition to modifying root system architecture under low N supply,exogenous dopamine also changed the uptake,transport,and distribution of N,P,and K.Furthermore,exogenous dopamine enhances the tolerance to low nitrogen stress by increasing the activity of enzymes(nitrate reductase,nitrite reductase,glutamic acid synthase and glutamine synthetase)involved in N metabolism.We also found that exogenous dopamine promoted the expression of ethylene signaling genes(ERF1,ERF2,EIL1,ERS2,ETR1,and EIN4)under low N stress.Therefore,we hypothesized that ethylene might be involved in dopamine response to low N stress in M.hupehensis.Our results suggest that exogenous dopamine can mitigate low N stress by regulating the absorption of mineral nutrients,possibly through the regulation of the ethylene signaling pathway.展开更多
Hexokinase(HXK)is the first irreversible catalytic enzyme in the glycolytic pathway,which not only provides energy for plant growth and development but also serves as a signaling molecule in response to environmental ...Hexokinase(HXK)is the first irreversible catalytic enzyme in the glycolytic pathway,which not only provides energy for plant growth and development but also serves as a signaling molecule in response to environmental changes.However,the evolutionary pattern of the HXK gene family in apple remains unknown.In this study,a total of nine HXK genes were identified in the Malus×domestica genome GDDH13 v1.1.The physiological and biochemical properties,exonintron structures,conserved motifs,and cis-elements of the MdHXK genes were determined.Predicted subcellular localization indicated that the MdHXK genes were mainly distributed in the mitochondria,cytoplasm,and nucleus.Gene duplication revealed that whole-genome duplication(WGD)and segmental duplication played vital roles in MdHXK gene family expansion.Theωvalues of pairwise MdHXK genes indicated that this family was subjected to strong purifying selection during apple domestication.Additionally,five subfamilies were classified,and recent/old duplication events were identified based on phylogenetic tree analysis.Different evolutionary rates were estimated among the various HXK subfamilies.Moreover,divergent expression patterns of the MdHXK genes in four source-sink tissues and at five different apple fruit developmental stages indicated that they play vital roles in apple fruit development and sugar accumulation.Our study provides a theoretical basis for future elucidation of the biological functions of the MdHXK genes during apple fruit development.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD1000303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972389)+1 种基金the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province,China(2018JQ3001)Cyrus Tang Foundation,Northwest A&F University,China.The authors are grateful to Ms.Christina E.W.(Senior Editor,The Pennsylvania State University)for editing the language of the article.
文摘Dopamine plays numerous physiological roles in plants.We explored its role in the regulation of growth,nutrient absorption,and response to nitrogen(N)deficiency in Malus hupehensis Rehd.Under low N condition,plant growth slowed,and the net photosynthetic rates,chlorophyll contents,and maximal quantum yield of PSII(Fv/Fm)decreased significantly.However,the application of 100μmol L−1 exogenous dopamine significantly reduced the inhibition of low N stress on plant growth.In addition to modifying root system architecture under low N supply,exogenous dopamine also changed the uptake,transport,and distribution of N,P,and K.Furthermore,exogenous dopamine enhances the tolerance to low nitrogen stress by increasing the activity of enzymes(nitrate reductase,nitrite reductase,glutamic acid synthase and glutamine synthetase)involved in N metabolism.We also found that exogenous dopamine promoted the expression of ethylene signaling genes(ERF1,ERF2,EIL1,ERS2,ETR1,and EIN4)under low N stress.Therefore,we hypothesized that ethylene might be involved in dopamine response to low N stress in M.hupehensis.Our results suggest that exogenous dopamine can mitigate low N stress by regulating the absorption of mineral nutrients,possibly through the regulation of the ethylene signaling pathway.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31672128)the Training Program Foundation for the Young Talents of Northwest A&F University,China(2452020004).
文摘Hexokinase(HXK)is the first irreversible catalytic enzyme in the glycolytic pathway,which not only provides energy for plant growth and development but also serves as a signaling molecule in response to environmental changes.However,the evolutionary pattern of the HXK gene family in apple remains unknown.In this study,a total of nine HXK genes were identified in the Malus×domestica genome GDDH13 v1.1.The physiological and biochemical properties,exonintron structures,conserved motifs,and cis-elements of the MdHXK genes were determined.Predicted subcellular localization indicated that the MdHXK genes were mainly distributed in the mitochondria,cytoplasm,and nucleus.Gene duplication revealed that whole-genome duplication(WGD)and segmental duplication played vital roles in MdHXK gene family expansion.Theωvalues of pairwise MdHXK genes indicated that this family was subjected to strong purifying selection during apple domestication.Additionally,five subfamilies were classified,and recent/old duplication events were identified based on phylogenetic tree analysis.Different evolutionary rates were estimated among the various HXK subfamilies.Moreover,divergent expression patterns of the MdHXK genes in four source-sink tissues and at five different apple fruit developmental stages indicated that they play vital roles in apple fruit development and sugar accumulation.Our study provides a theoretical basis for future elucidation of the biological functions of the MdHXK genes during apple fruit development.
