近年来,工业互联网的安全事件日益频发,尤其是工业控制系统(industrial control system,ICS),该现象揭示了目前ICS中已经存在较多的安全隐患,并且那些针对ICS安全隐患的大多数攻击和防御方法都需要对工控协议进行分析.然而,目前ICS中大...近年来,工业互联网的安全事件日益频发,尤其是工业控制系统(industrial control system,ICS),该现象揭示了目前ICS中已经存在较多的安全隐患,并且那些针对ICS安全隐患的大多数攻击和防御方法都需要对工控协议进行分析.然而,目前ICS中大多数私有工控协议都具有与普通互联网协议完全不同的典型特征,如结构、字段精度、周期性等方面,导致针对互联网协议的逆向分析技术通常都无法直接适用于工控协议.因此,针对工控协议的逆向分析技术已经成为近几年学术界和产业界的研究热点.首先结合2种典型工控协议,深入分析和总结了工控协议的结构特征.其次,给出了工控协议逆向分析框架,深入剖析了基于程序执行和基于报文序列的工控协议逆向分析框架的特点,并依次从人机参与程度和协议格式提取方式这2个角度,重点针对基于报文序列的工控协议分析方法进行详细阐述和对比分析.最后探讨了现有逆向分析方法的特点及不足,并对工控协议逆向分析技术的未来研究方向进行展望与分析.展开更多
Objective:To systematically assess the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for spastic hemiplegia after ischemic stroke.Methods:Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)of acupuncture treatment for spastic hemiplegia aft...Objective:To systematically assess the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for spastic hemiplegia after ischemic stroke.Methods:Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)of acupuncture treatment for spastic hemiplegia after ischemic stroke meeting the inclusion criteria in Cochrane Library,Medline,Excerpta Medica Database(EMBASE),PubMed,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),SinoMed,Chongqing VIP Database(VIP),and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform(Wanfang)published from each database’s inception to February 2023 were retrieved by computer.Two reviewers independently extracted data and evaluated the risk of bias using Cochrane’s risk of bias tool.Review Manager 5.4 was used for data analysis.Continuous data were evaluated using mean difference(MD)with a 95%confidence interval(CI),and dichotomous data were analyzed using risk ratio(RR).Results:A total of 24 trials,including 1970 participants,were included in the study.The meta-analysis of 7 trials showed that compared to the rehabilitation therapy,acupuncture therapy was more effective in improving the simplified Fugl-Meyer assessment score after 1-month treatments[MD=10.52,95%CI(7.81,13.23),P<0.001].The meta-analysis of 2 articles showed the same tendency after 6-month treatments[MD=19.18,95%CI(11.34,27.02),P<0.001],and the 6-month treatment course resulted in better outcomes than the 1-month course.The meta-analysis of 8 trials showed that acupuncture had a better improvement on the Barthel index score than rehabilitation therapy after 1-month treatments[MD=10.78,95%CI(8.91,12.64),P<0.001].The meta-analysis of 2 articles showed the same tendency after 6-month treatments[MD=19.94,95%CI(19.02,20.87),P<0.001],and the 6-month course was better than the 1-month course.The meta-analysis of 2 trials showed that the effective rate of the modified Ashworth scale score improvement was more notable in the acupuncture group after 1-month treatments[RR=1.20,95%CI(1.02,1.40),P=0.020].One trial reported no adverse event,and 1 trial reported 3 adverse events without severe influence.Conclusion:Acupuncture might be an effective and safe therapy for spastic hemiplegia after ischemic stroke,but more high-quality,large-sample objectively-evaluated RCTs are needed to validate the conclusion.展开更多
文摘近年来,工业互联网的安全事件日益频发,尤其是工业控制系统(industrial control system,ICS),该现象揭示了目前ICS中已经存在较多的安全隐患,并且那些针对ICS安全隐患的大多数攻击和防御方法都需要对工控协议进行分析.然而,目前ICS中大多数私有工控协议都具有与普通互联网协议完全不同的典型特征,如结构、字段精度、周期性等方面,导致针对互联网协议的逆向分析技术通常都无法直接适用于工控协议.因此,针对工控协议的逆向分析技术已经成为近几年学术界和产业界的研究热点.首先结合2种典型工控协议,深入分析和总结了工控协议的结构特征.其次,给出了工控协议逆向分析框架,深入剖析了基于程序执行和基于报文序列的工控协议逆向分析框架的特点,并依次从人机参与程度和协议格式提取方式这2个角度,重点针对基于报文序列的工控协议分析方法进行详细阐述和对比分析.最后探讨了现有逆向分析方法的特点及不足,并对工控协议逆向分析技术的未来研究方向进行展望与分析.
文摘Objective:To systematically assess the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for spastic hemiplegia after ischemic stroke.Methods:Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)of acupuncture treatment for spastic hemiplegia after ischemic stroke meeting the inclusion criteria in Cochrane Library,Medline,Excerpta Medica Database(EMBASE),PubMed,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),SinoMed,Chongqing VIP Database(VIP),and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform(Wanfang)published from each database’s inception to February 2023 were retrieved by computer.Two reviewers independently extracted data and evaluated the risk of bias using Cochrane’s risk of bias tool.Review Manager 5.4 was used for data analysis.Continuous data were evaluated using mean difference(MD)with a 95%confidence interval(CI),and dichotomous data were analyzed using risk ratio(RR).Results:A total of 24 trials,including 1970 participants,were included in the study.The meta-analysis of 7 trials showed that compared to the rehabilitation therapy,acupuncture therapy was more effective in improving the simplified Fugl-Meyer assessment score after 1-month treatments[MD=10.52,95%CI(7.81,13.23),P<0.001].The meta-analysis of 2 articles showed the same tendency after 6-month treatments[MD=19.18,95%CI(11.34,27.02),P<0.001],and the 6-month treatment course resulted in better outcomes than the 1-month course.The meta-analysis of 8 trials showed that acupuncture had a better improvement on the Barthel index score than rehabilitation therapy after 1-month treatments[MD=10.78,95%CI(8.91,12.64),P<0.001].The meta-analysis of 2 articles showed the same tendency after 6-month treatments[MD=19.94,95%CI(19.02,20.87),P<0.001],and the 6-month course was better than the 1-month course.The meta-analysis of 2 trials showed that the effective rate of the modified Ashworth scale score improvement was more notable in the acupuncture group after 1-month treatments[RR=1.20,95%CI(1.02,1.40),P=0.020].One trial reported no adverse event,and 1 trial reported 3 adverse events without severe influence.Conclusion:Acupuncture might be an effective and safe therapy for spastic hemiplegia after ischemic stroke,but more high-quality,large-sample objectively-evaluated RCTs are needed to validate the conclusion.
