Monthly temperature and precipitation time-series for the Zhujiang River Basin are analyzed in order to identify changes in climate extremes.Daily temperature and precipitation data from 1961 to 2007 of 192 meteorolog...Monthly temperature and precipitation time-series for the Zhujiang River Basin are analyzed in order to identify changes in climate extremes.Daily temperature and precipitation data from 1961 to 2007 of 192 meteorological stations are used.Two temperature indicators(monthly mean and monthly maximum mean) and three precipitation indicators (monthly total,monthly maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation,and monthly dry days) are analyzed.Tendencies in all five indicators can be observed.Many stations show significant positive trends(above the 90%confidence level) for monthly mean temperatures and monthly maximum mean temperatures.For all months,a significant increase in temperature from 1961 to 2007 can be observed in the entire basin with the coastal area in particular.Positive trends of precipitation extremes can be observed from January to March.Negative trends are detected from September to November. The number of dry days in October increased significantly at 40%of all meteorological stations.Stations with changes of monthly precipitation extremes are scattered over the Zhujiang River Basin.An aggregation of heat waves and droughts can be detected which is accompanied by significant increases of temperature extremes and the negative tendencies in precipitation extremes.The detection of tendencies in climate extremes essentially relies on a good data quality and high station density.展开更多
In order to improve air quality, the European Union introduced the New Air Quality Directive in 2008 and set its Member States strict targets on air pollution concentrations for the most harmful and challenging substa...In order to improve air quality, the European Union introduced the New Air Quality Directive in 2008 and set its Member States strict targets on air pollution concentrations for the most harmful and challenging substances, such as fine particles. The law enforcement relies on a monitoring and reporting system to inform the European Commission and the public, for it is the citizens' right to be informed about harmful air quality. With sectoral measures, air quality could be improved in the past 20 years, but some emissions concentrations have stagnated in recent years and emissions temporarily exceed thresholds in nearly half of the Member States. The European Emission Inventory allows the commission to identify the substances, areas, and times of exceedances, and to implement sectoral measures leading to air quality improvements, all of which have to be made available publicly. This manuscript introduces the air quality legislation and reviews the quality of European air for recent years.展开更多
Changes in hydrometeorological characteristics and risks have been observed and are projected to increase under climate change. These considerations are scientifically well studied and led to the development of a comp...Changes in hydrometeorological characteristics and risks have been observed and are projected to increase under climate change. These considerations are scientifically well studied and led to the development of a complex policy framework for adaptation and mitigation for hydrometeorological risks. Awareness for policy actions is growing worldwide but no legal framework is in place to tackle climate change impacts on water at a global scale. With the example of international frameworks and the legislation on EU-level, this article elaborates that hydrometeorological risks are not considered in the framework of one single policy. However, various policy instruments are directly or indirectly considering these risks at different operational levels. It is discussed that a tailor-made framework for hydrometeorological risks would improve coordination at international or national level. A major drawback for a single operational framework is that hydrometeorological risks are scientifically tackled in two large communities: the disaster risk reduction community and the climate change adaptation community, both of which are bound to different research and operational funding budgets. In future, disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation will need been seen as a complementary set of actions that requires collaboration.展开更多
基金the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No. 2010CB428401)the Special Fund of Climate Change of the China Meteorological Administration (CCSF-09-16)by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40910177)
文摘Monthly temperature and precipitation time-series for the Zhujiang River Basin are analyzed in order to identify changes in climate extremes.Daily temperature and precipitation data from 1961 to 2007 of 192 meteorological stations are used.Two temperature indicators(monthly mean and monthly maximum mean) and three precipitation indicators (monthly total,monthly maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation,and monthly dry days) are analyzed.Tendencies in all five indicators can be observed.Many stations show significant positive trends(above the 90%confidence level) for monthly mean temperatures and monthly maximum mean temperatures.For all months,a significant increase in temperature from 1961 to 2007 can be observed in the entire basin with the coastal area in particular.Positive trends of precipitation extremes can be observed from January to March.Negative trends are detected from September to November. The number of dry days in October increased significantly at 40%of all meteorological stations.Stations with changes of monthly precipitation extremes are scattered over the Zhujiang River Basin.An aggregation of heat waves and droughts can be detected which is accompanied by significant increases of temperature extremes and the negative tendencies in precipitation extremes.The detection of tendencies in climate extremes essentially relies on a good data quality and high station density.
基金the Comparative Policy and Practice Study of the EU-China Environmental Governance Programme’s core theme Public Access to Environmental Information with funding from the European Union(www.ecegp.com)
文摘In order to improve air quality, the European Union introduced the New Air Quality Directive in 2008 and set its Member States strict targets on air pollution concentrations for the most harmful and challenging substances, such as fine particles. The law enforcement relies on a monitoring and reporting system to inform the European Commission and the public, for it is the citizens' right to be informed about harmful air quality. With sectoral measures, air quality could be improved in the past 20 years, but some emissions concentrations have stagnated in recent years and emissions temporarily exceed thresholds in nearly half of the Member States. The European Emission Inventory allows the commission to identify the substances, areas, and times of exceedances, and to implement sectoral measures leading to air quality improvements, all of which have to be made available publicly. This manuscript introduces the air quality legislation and reviews the quality of European air for recent years.
文摘Changes in hydrometeorological characteristics and risks have been observed and are projected to increase under climate change. These considerations are scientifically well studied and led to the development of a complex policy framework for adaptation and mitigation for hydrometeorological risks. Awareness for policy actions is growing worldwide but no legal framework is in place to tackle climate change impacts on water at a global scale. With the example of international frameworks and the legislation on EU-level, this article elaborates that hydrometeorological risks are not considered in the framework of one single policy. However, various policy instruments are directly or indirectly considering these risks at different operational levels. It is discussed that a tailor-made framework for hydrometeorological risks would improve coordination at international or national level. A major drawback for a single operational framework is that hydrometeorological risks are scientifically tackled in two large communities: the disaster risk reduction community and the climate change adaptation community, both of which are bound to different research and operational funding budgets. In future, disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation will need been seen as a complementary set of actions that requires collaboration.
