1989~2019年黄河宁夏段支流水沙变化规律及其驱动因素

为明确黄河宁夏段典型支流水沙变化的主要驱动因素,基于清水河泉眼山站、红柳沟鸣沙洲站、苦水河郭家桥站实测水文资料,运用滑动平均法、Mann-Kendall突变检验和双累积曲线法分析典型流域的水沙变化趋势以及突变年份,运用累积斜率法、水文法和水保法对比分析水沙变化的驱动因素。结果表明:①1989~2019年,清水河、红柳沟和苦水河流域水沙变化均表现出减少趋势;相比来说,输沙量变化较径流量变化更显著,苦水河流域的水沙变化较清水河和红柳沟流域更显著。②人类活动在水沙变化中占据主导地位且贡献率逐渐增大;运用累积斜率法、水文法和水保法进行水沙变化归因分析,均表明人类活动是水沙变化的主要驱动因素,其中累积斜率法和水文法计算结果比较接近。③利用水保法对清水河流域进行水沙变化归因分析,发现人类活动中减水效益占据主导地位的是淤地坝和梯田,贡献率分别为42.9%、29.0%,减沙效益占据主导地位的是淤地坝,贡献率为94.5%。

宁夏黄土丘陵沟壑区产流产沙特征及其影响因素量化

土壤侵蚀是造成土地退化最严重的生态环境问题之一,而水土保持措施是防治土壤侵蚀的重要举措。目前,量化水土保持措施、降雨特征和坡度对黄土丘陵沟壑区径流量和泥沙量的直接和间接影响仍具有挑战性。在调查2015~2019年宁夏黄土丘陵沟壑区犁尖沟小流域19个径流小区25次典型侵蚀性降雨事件中的径流量和泥沙量基础上,利用结构方程模型分析降雨特征、水土保持措施和坡度对径流和土壤流失的直接和间接作用,同时采用冗余分析方法定量化各影响因素对减流效益和减沙效益的贡献率。结果表明:①20°坡度减流效益最好,陡坡则具有更好的减沙效益;不同水土保持措施中,人工灌木林地的减流效益和减沙效益较高。②降雨特征、水土保持措施和坡度对径流和泥沙没有间接影响,最大30 min雨强对径流和泥沙的直接影响最大,直接路径系数分别为0.77和0.46。③降雨特征是影响径流、泥沙和减流效益的主导因素;与降雨特征相比,水土保持措施和坡度是控制减沙效益的主要因素。④全球变暖引起的极端侵蚀性降雨事件导致径流和土壤流失加剧;水土保持措施对于防止径流和土壤流失是非常必要的;在陡坡上,实施以灌木为主的植被组合有望实现更大的减流效益和减沙效益。

基于DPSIR模型的宁夏地区水土资源承载力评价

为全面掌握宁夏地区水土资源承载力情况,促进干旱半干旱地区水土资源协调发展,基于DPSIR模型构建评价指标体系,采用CRITIC-熵权-TOPSIS评价2012-2019年宁夏地区水土资源承载力,并运用障碍度模型及R/S法探究其影响因素及预测未来趋势。结果表明,2012-2019年,整个宁夏地区水土资源承载力呈上升趋势,但整体基本处于超载状态,而固原市是宁夏地区中水土资源承载力最好者;从障碍度分析,驱动力子系统对宁夏地区水土资源承载力的制约最强,经济密度、人口自然增长率、人均GDP、单位耕地粮食产出、人均水资源量是影响宁夏地区水土资源承载力的主要因素;根据R/S法,在未来宁夏地区水土资源承载力呈上升趋势,固原市、中卫市上升趋势显著,而其他市上升趋势较弱。

Responses of soil moisture to vegetation restoration type and slope length on the loess hillslope

Soil moisture, a critical variable in the hydrologic cycle, is highly influenced by vegetation restoration type. However, the relationship between spatial variation of soil moisture, vegetation restoration type and slope length is controversial. Therefore, soil moisture across soil layers(0-400 cm depth) was measured before and after the rainy season in severe drought(2015) and normal hydrological year(2016) in three vegetation restoration areas(artificial forestland, natural forestland and grassland), on the hillslopes of the Caijiachuan Catchment in the Loess area, China. The results showed that artificial forestland had the lowest soil moisture and most severe water deficit in 100-200 cm soil layers. Water depletion was higher in artificial and natural forestlands than in natural grassland. Moreover, soil moisture in the shallow soil layers(0-100 cm) under the three vegetation restoration types did not significantly vary with slope length, but a significant increase with slope length was observed in deep soil layers(below 100 cm). In2015, a severe drought hydrological year, higher water depletion was observed at lower slope positions under three vegetation restoration types due to higher transpiration and evapotranspiration and unlikely recharge from upslope runoff. However, in 2016, a normal hydrological year, there was lower water depletion, even infiltration recharge at lower slope positions, indicating receiving a large amount of water from upslope. Vegetation restoration type, precipitation, slope length and soil depth during a rainy season, in descending order of influence, had significant effects on soil moisture. Generally, natural grassland is more beneficial for vegetation restoration than natural and artificial forestlands, and the results can provide useful information for understanding hydrological processes and improving vegetation restoration practices on the Loess

Estimation of mountain block recharge on the northern Tianshan Mountains using numerical modeling

Mountain block recharge(MBR),an important water resource,is a widespread process that recharges lowland aquifers.However,little is known about MBR due to the limited climatic and geologic data in mountainous regions such as the northern central foothills of Tianshan.Here,we present an approach to quantify MBR through the combination of water balance calculations and numerical modeling.MBR calculated from the water balance in the data-limited Tianshan Mountains is employed as a fluid-flux boundary condition in the numerical model of the plain.To verify the performance of the model,mean absolute error and root mean square error were used.Results show that the volume of water that is recharging the aquifer via MBR is 107.29 million m^(3)/yr,accounting for 2.2% of the total precipitation that falls in the mountains.Additionally,53.3% of that precipitation enters the plain aquifer via runoff,totaling 2,652.68 million m^(3)/yr.The lower volume of MBR is attributed to a major range-bounding anticline with apparent low permeability in the Tianshan Mountains.Through numerical modeling of groundwater,MBR coming from bedrock was found to be significant,accounting for 14% of total aquifer recharge in the plain,only after the portion of runoff seepage.This research contributes to a deeper understanding of MBR,and may provide instructions for estimating groundwater recharge in arid and semi-arid areas.