基于CASA模型和MODIS数据的甘南草地NPP时空动态变化研究

植被净初级生产力(net primary productivity, NPP)在全球气候变化及碳循环研究中扮演着重要的角色,精准快速的估算NPP对评估区域生态系统承载力以及合理利用自然资源具有重要的意义。利用2011-2014年甘南地面实测草地地上生物量(aboveground biomass, AGB)数据和根冠比系数计算的草地NPP数据,分别验证了MOD17A3 NPP产品和基于CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford approach)模型估算的草地NPP的精度,分析了2000-2016年甘南地区草地NPP的时空动态变化。结果表明:基于CASA模型模拟的草地NPP精度整体上高于MOD17A3 NPP产品的精度,其均方根误差(root mean square error, RMSE)较MOD17A3 NPP小9.94 g C·m^-2;CASA模型分析的甘南地区草地NPP总体上呈现由西南向东北逐渐减少的趋势;对不同草地类型而言,沼泽类的平均NPP最高(469.07 g C·m^-2),温性草原类最低(324.18 g C·m^-2),而占研究区草地总面积比例较大的高寒草甸类和高寒灌丛草甸类草地的平均NPP分别为449.22和465.27 g C·m^-2;2000-2016年间,甘南地区大部分草地NPP稳定不变,其面积占研究区草地总面积的75.31%,NPP呈增加趋势的区域占草地面积的22.63%,而NPP呈减少趋势的区域占比最小,仅为2.06%。以上研究结果表明CASA模型在高寒地区草地NPP评估、草地资源合理利用与管理方面具有重要的应用价值。

黄河源区高寒草甸群落高度遥感模拟与评价

草层高度是反映草地生长状况的重要指标之一,与草地地上生物量的监测及载畜力的评估具有紧密联系。目前,对我国天然草地群落高度的监测尚缺乏精确的遥感方法。本研究以黄河源区高寒草甸为研究区,分别基于MODIS植被指数、冠层高度模型以及草地冠层高光谱反射率,构建了高寒草甸草地群落高度的估算模型,并对模型精度进行了评价。结果表明,1)12种MODIS植被指数中,NDVI对草层高度的变化最为敏感,其4种回归模型的R^2均较低,介于0.203~0.241,NDVI指数模型(y=0.789e^(3.186x),R^2=0.241)的拟合效果最好,但反演误差较大(RMSE=4.2cm,CVRMSE=45.7%);2)冠层高度模型在黄河源地区高寒草甸试验区的反演精度较低(RMSE=5.8cm,CVRMSE=62.1%),实际应用误差较大;3)高寒草甸群落高度与519.4-583.17nm波段之间的冠层光谱反射率存在显著负相关关系(P<0.05),基于光谱位置变量R′510.59的线性模型(y=^(-1)56.375x+20.384)相对最优(R^2=0.489,RMSE=3.5cm),较适合反演高寒草甸群落的草层高度。

Modeling the carbon dynamics of alpine grassland in the Qinghai-TibetanPlateau under scenarios of 1.5 and 2 ℃ global warming

Alpine grassland occupies two-thirds of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). It is vital to project changes of this vulnerable ecosystem under different climate change scenarios before taking any mitigation or adaptation measures. In this study, we used a process-based ecosystem model, driven with output from global circulation models under different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), to project the carbon dynamics of alpine grassland. The results showed the following: 1) Vegetation carbon (C) on the QTP increased by 22—38 gC m^-2 during periods of 1.5 and 2 ℃ warming under different RCPs when compared to the baseline period (1981—2006), while soil C increased by 85—122 gC m^-2. 2) The increases of vegetation C and soil C at the period of 1.5 ℃ warming were about 15 gC m^-2 and 40 gC m^-2 smaller than those at the period of 2 ℃ warming, respectively;increase of C was greater for alpine meadow than for alpine steppe. 3) Precipitation, radiation, and permafrost changed significantly and showed heterogeneous spatial patterns, and caused heterogeneous response of C dynamics. For alpine meadow in regions transformed from permafrost to seasonally frozen soil with medium annual precipitation (200—400 mm), vegetation C and net primary production decreased by 18.7 gC m-2 and 3.1 gC m^-2 per year during 2 °C warming under RCP 4.5, respectively. This decrease can be attributed to the disappearing impermeable permafrost. Different from previous studies that indicated an unfavorable response of alpine grassland to climate warming, this study showed a relatively favorable response, which is mainly attributed to C 0 2 fertilization.

基于STARFM的草地地上生物量遥感估测研究——以甘肃省夏河县桑科草原为例

遥感数据具有实时、动态、大范围等特点,在草地资源监测与管理研究中获得了广泛应用。然而,单一的遥感植被指数无法同时满足草地地上生物量观测中时空分辨率的需求。因此,本研究基于时间序列Landsat NDVI和MODIS NDVI数据,结合时空融合算法(spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model,STARFM),生成了2000-2016年高时空分辨率的植被指数数据集(NDVI_(STARFM),时间分辨率为16 d,空间分辨率为30 m,并基于2013-2016年地面实测草地地上生物量数据,构建了夏河县桑科草原高寒草地地上生物量遥感反演模型,分析了2000-2016年研究区草地地上生物量生长状况和变化趋势。结果表明:1)基于NDVI_(STARFM)的最优估测模型为乘幂模型,其R^(2)为0.58,均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)为795.62 kg·hm^(-2),模型的表现能力次于Landsat NDVI最优估测模型(R^(2)=0.76,RMSE=634.83 kg·hm^(-2)),而优于MODIS NDVI最优估测模型(R^(2)=0.24,RMSE=937.79 kg·hm^(-2));2)基于NDVI_(STARFM)最优估测模型对各样区草地地上生物量总产的估测精度优于MODIS NDVI而次于Landsat NDVI,总体精度达84.05%;3)2000-2016年来,夏河县研究区草地地上生物量总体呈现增加趋势,其中90%左右的区域年增量大于30 kg·hm^(-2),草地地上生物量呈现减少趋势的区域仅占2.30%。