两种典型防护林对查干淖尔干盐湖沙化地表土壤粒度特征的影响

[目的]探究查干淖尔干盐湖附近沙化土地防护林下的土壤机械组成与生态效应,为当地的防护林建设与沙化土地治理提供科技支持。[方法]以查干淖尔干盐湖南缘沙地柽柳和梭梭两种防护林的带间、根颈和冠幅下0—20 cm的土壤为研究对象,土壤样品的机械组成用激光粒度仪测定得出,计算并分析了平均粒径、标准偏差、偏度、峰态和分形维数等粒度参数。[结果](1)研究区土壤机械组成以砂粒为主,相较于裸沙地(CK),柽柳和梭梭(带间、根颈、冠幅下)黏粉粒总含量分别增加了5.19%,0.59%,20.44%和1.53%,3.93%,4.32%,其中在冠幅下表现最为明显。(2)防护林下的土壤分选性较差,偏度均为正偏,向着尖窄方向发展;分形维数介于2.13~2.70,两种防护林冠幅下的分形维数均高于带间与根颈,与对照相比,防护林下土壤粒径整体向细粒趋势发展。(3)土壤粒度频率显示防护林各位置斜率均偏低,表明两种防护林的颗粒径级丰富度优于对照。[结论]各粒度参数及分维值反映两防护林对于当地沙化土壤有改良作用,柽柳防护林下土壤细粒化趋势更为明显。

乌兰布和沙漠风沙入黄段植被覆盖动态变化特征及驱动力

基于2001—2021年Landsat影像数据,结合归一化植被指数(NDVI)和像元二分模型估算植被覆盖度,探究乌兰布和沙漠风沙入黄段植被覆盖度时空变化趋势及驱动力,以期为乌兰布和沙漠风沙入黄段植被恢复和未来生态建设重点区域的选择提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)研究区植被覆盖度整体呈波动上升趋势,植被恢复状况良好,平均植被覆盖度由0.294增加至0.526,其中,2007—2017年增幅最为明显。(2)2001—2021年乌兰布和沙漠风沙入黄段不同等级植被覆盖度间转移频繁,其中,低植被覆盖和较低植被覆盖大面积转出为中等植被覆盖和较高植被覆盖,其转出面积分别为102.00 km^(2)和128.82 km^(2)。除此之外,研究区内有42.1%的区域呈显著增加趋势,4.90%的区域趋向于显著减少,多分布于近乌海段,该段应是未来生态修复中重点关注区域。(3)该区植被覆盖空间分异性主要受人类活动和气候因子共同驱动,各驱动因子之间的交互作用以双因子增强为主,其中,影响程度最高的关键性交互因子为土地利用类型和年平均气温。本研究有序分段地探究乌兰布和沙漠风沙入黄段植被覆盖度动态变化特征及驱动力,为研究区荒漠化防治、土地合理利用和高质量发展提供理论和数据支撑。

Threshold friction velocity influenced by soil particle size within the Columbia Plateau, northwestern United States

Wind erosion is a geomorphic process in arid and semi-arid areas and has substantial implications for regional climate and desertification.In the Columbia Plateau of northwestern United States,the emissions from fine particles of loessial soils often contribute to the exceedance of inhalable particulate matter(PM)with an aerodynamic diameter of 10μm or less(PM10)according to the air quality standards.However,little is known about the threshold friction velocity(TFV)for particles of different sizes that comprise these soils.In this study,soil samples of two representative soil types(Warden sandy loam and Ritzville silt loam)collected from the Columbia Plateau were sieved to seven particle size fractions,and an experiment was then conducted to determine the relationship between TFV and particle size fraction.The results revealed that soil particle size significantly affected the initiation of soil movement and TFV;TFV ranged 0.304-0.844 and 0.249-0.739 m/s for different particle size fractions of Ritzville silt loam and Warden sandy loam,respectively.PM10 and total suspended particulates(TSP)emissions from a bed of 63-90μm soil particles were markedly higher for Warden sandy loam than for Ritzville silt loam.Together with the lower TFV of Warden sandy loam,dust emissions from fine particles(<100μm in diameter)of Warden sandy loam thus may be a main contributor to dust in the region's atmosphere,since the PM10 emissions from the soil erosion surfaces and its ensuing suspension within the atmosphere constitute an essential process of soil erosion in the Columbia Plateau.Developing and implementing strategic land management practices on sandy loam soils is therefore necessary to control dust emissions in the Columbia Plateau.

1987—2022年库布齐沙漠沙化土地时空动态及趋势预测

研究选取1987—2022年遥感影像,基于3S技术,采用NDVI像元二分法模型统计沙化土地时空动态变化;利用地理探测器对影响沙化土地空间变化的影响因子进行定量分析;最后选取PLUS模型预测了2032年沙化土地分布格局。结果显示:①35 a间库布齐沙漠植被覆盖整体呈增长趋势,由13.59%增长到30.43%;自西向东呈现流动沙地到固定沙地的明显划分,北部沿黄段植被居多。②流动沙地面积减少50%;半固定沙地面积增长10%,主要来自流动沙地治理;固定沙地增长89.80%,其中2017年涨幅最大为2.3%。③沙化耕地35 a间由13.98%增长至17.56%,平均每5 a增长约1%~2%;沙化耕地面积增加的30.83%来源于半固定沙地,6.49%来源于流动沙地;沙化耕地弃耕或蚕食导致草地面积增加18.97%。④社会经济因素是库布齐沙漠土地利用变化的主导因子,未来库布齐沙漠将向半固定沙地,固定沙地增加,林地、草地、耕地等资源型用地面积增加的方向发展。研究区沙化土地减少植被覆盖增加,可为后续沿黄段沙漠治理与沙漠工程实施提供借鉴和数据参考。